Reading Activity Week #5 (Due Monday)

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Please go to the following blog page:

http://www.psychologicalscience.com/bmod/abcs.html

Please read sections 2.2 (Reinforcement) and 2.3 (Punishment)

After reading the first section, please respond to the following questions.

1) What did you find interesting in the section? Why?

2) What did you find least interesting? Why?

3) How does the section relate to what you already knew/learned previously?
Note: This can be from previous chapters or from other classes, etc.

4) Based on what you read from this section, what are two things that relate to your life? How so?

After reading the second section, please respond to the following questions.

5) What did you find interesting in the section? Why?

6) What did you find least interesting? Why?

7) How does the section relate to what you already knew/learned previously?
Note: This can be from previous chapters or from other classes, etc.

8) Based on what you read from this section, what are two things that relate to your life? How so?

9) How has reading these sections influenced what you originally thought about behavior modification? How so?

10) BOP: Now that you have been thinking about behavior modification for the past couple of weeks, we will start a mini behavioral observation project. We are going to start recording how many glasses of water we drink each day. You can just write these down on a piece of paper each day (starting today) and we will use your findings next week in one of these assignments. How much water to you think you drink each day?

11) Once you are done with your post make list of the terms and terminology you used in your post and put them at the bottom of your post.

Let us know if you have any questions,

--Dr. M

202 Comments

1) One thing that I really liked about section 2.2 was how it reviewed and touched on some of the concepts we already knew, such as negative and positive reinforcement and intrinsic and extrinsic motivation, and then expanded on those topics, introducing new topics that were related. I liked this because I feel this helps an individual comprehend a new topic more readily when concepts it may be related to are reviewed.

2) What I liked the least about section 2.2 was the section on intrinsic and extrinsic value. I liked this section the least because certain areas to me were a bit unclear. I think that certain parts were unclear to me because the extrinsic or intrinsic value of a reinforcer I feel could vary a lot from person to person.

3) One thing that I will remember from this section is what a primary reinforcer is. This is a concept that will stick with me because it goes hand in hand with the primary things we need to survive. A primary reinforcer is also sometimes called an unconditioned stimulus and does not have to be paired with another stimulus to work as a reinforcer. Secondary reinforcers, which are also called conditioned stimuli, function by being paired with a stimulus that acts as a reinforcer. This is concept that will be remembered because it can also be called a conditioned stimuli which acts the same way. Lastly, I will remember what a generalized reinforcer is. This was a concept that was made very easy to understand because of the example that was used to explain, money. This easy to understand example will make understanding and remembering what a generalized reinforcer is that much easier.

4) The one thing that I really liked about this section is the emphasis it put on the downfalls of punishment and how reinforcement is really a better option. I really liked this because I feel that in much of our society we depend too much on punishment when the same result could be reached using reinforcement or extinction.

5) There was not anything that I really did not like about his section. I felt that all of the information was very relevant and important. All of the ideas discussed in this section I believe everyone should know. Especially those who someday may want to work with children, be in law enforcement, or even be a parent.

6) An idea from this section that I will remember is that if punishment is to be used that it needs to be dealt immediately or soon after the undesirable behavior occurs. I think this is important to remember because if this is not done the punishment will then not be effective and will be even more detrimental to both the punisher and the individual receiving the punishment. Another idea that I feel is important to remember and that I will remember is that if we are to punish for an undesirable we have to keep punishing for that behavior in order for the punishment to be successful. This is important to remember because if we are not willing or able to continue the punishment, then maybe it should not be started to being with. Lastly, it’s important to remember that the punishment must be severe enough to stop the undesirable behavior, if it is not the behavior will not decrease in frequency. This is also something I will remember because if the punishment does not seem aversive to the person being punished the behavior will not decrease.

7) I already know that I do not drink enough water a day, but if were to estimate I would say that I drink 2-3, 16 ounce glasses of water a day.

8) Terms: extinction, punishment, reinforcement, reinforcer, positive punishment, negative punishment, primary reinforcer, secondary reinforcer, generalized reinforcer, conditioned stimulus, unconditioned stimulus, intrinsic, extrinsic.

1 a&b) What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why?
I really liked that it seemed like review. I felt comfortable reading it because I had a better understanding of the content. I also liked that I was able to apply it easily into my life.

2) What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why?
The only thing that I didn't like is that there are very many spelling errors. But I understood the content, so there is no complaining here.

3 a,b&c) What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why?
I will remember filling out the boxes. I actually filled all of them out in this chapter. I will remember the difference between primary reinforcers and secondary reinforcers. I will also remember what reinforcers have limited and broad value.

After reading section 2.3, please respond to the following questions.

4 a&b) What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why?
I really liked that it brought up ethical issues with using torture by the U.S. Government. We briefly discussed it in my other class, so it was nice being familiar with this topic.

5) What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why?
At first I didn't understand what positive punishment was. I had to read it a couple of times and then I read the negative punishment section and I think I figured the differences out. But I still am not 100% okay with what positive punishment is.

6 a,b&c) What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why?
I will remember the "discussion" about torture and what we personally think about it. I will also remember that in order for an aversive behavior to be wiped out, you have to be consistent and you also cannot hesitate when disciplining for a bad behavior.

7) Now that you have been thinking about behavior modification for the past couple of weeks, we will start a mini behavioral observation project. We are going to start recording how many glasses of water we drink each day. You can just write these down on a piece of paper each day (starting today) and we will use your findings next week in one of these assignments. How much water to you think you drink each day?
One or two glasses.

8) Once you are done with your post make list of the terms and terminology you used in your post.
Primary reinforcement, secondary reinforcement, limited value, broad value, aversive, positive punishment, negative punishment

1 a&b) I enjoyed how money was used as an example for a generalized reinforce. Money is arguably something that controls our behavior most in many contexts and using it as an example of how we obtain other reinforcers was very helpful.

2) Something that I did not necessarily like about this section was the use of Pavlov’s dogs as the description of operant conditioning. I understand it is the classical study to which this type of behavioral modification was started but it is also the most used. From many other psychology classes I have heard of Pavlov’s dogs and it would be nice to hear of another example.

3 a,b&c) The first thing I will remember from this section is a primary reinforcer is a reinforcer that does not need to be paired with anything to elicit a response. Generalized reinforcement is something I will remember very well because of the money example used to describe its purpose in obtaining other reinforcers. The last thing I will remember from this section is the difference between limited and broad values. I was fairly certain what limited value was but after this section I understand broad value is useful beyond the immediate need.

After reading section 2.3, please respond to the following questions.

4 a&b) From this section I enjoyed the part when it talked about waterboarding and its controversial use as either a punishment or negative reinforcement. I had always thought of it as some form of severe punishment or torture but it was interesting to see it portrayed as negative reinforcement.

5) I can honestly say there was not a part of this section I did not like or found myself disliking. This section was put together very well to illustrate not just what punishment was but its implication and other alternatives.

6 a,b&c) I will remember the differences between positive punishment and negative punishment because they are things that have been illustrated before. The section on abruptness, intensity, and immediacy is something that I will remember because of their importance to the effectiveness of the punishment. The last thing I find that I will remember is the use of disruption of behavior and if it is done correctly it will not upset either party involved.

7) I know I do not drink as much water as I should but I guess that I drink somewhere in the two 16oz water bottle range.

8) Generalized reinforcer, operant conditioning, behavioral modification, primary reinforcer, elicit, limited value, broad value, negative punishment, sever punishment, positive punishment, abruptness, intensity, immediacy, and disruption.

After reading section 2.2, please respond to the following questions.
1 a&b) What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why?
I like how this section broke down reinforcement. I already understood it but this section broke down positive reinforcement with examples, negative reinforcements with examples, and added the new terms of unconditioned and conditioned stimulus. I liked this because it helped to build onto my previous knowledge and it was easy to understand.
2) What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why?
There was nothing in this section that I did not like. I liked how everything was easy to understand.
3 a,b&c) What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why?
a) I will remember is a primary reinforcer. A primary reinforcer is a main reinforcer that is biological based due to the need for survival. Examples are food and water.
b) The second thing I will remember is intrinsic and extrinsic value. Intrinsic is internal value or value that we individually place value on. Extrinsic is external, or value that is based on what society values.
c) Lastly I will remember limited and broad value. Limited is something that will wear off while broad holds its own value depending on the context.
After reading section 2.3, please respond to the following questions.
4 a&b) What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why?
I also liked this section because it broke down punishment. This helped to break down the definition and gave really good examples. It also helped because it used examples on to why and how punishment is used, and defined positive and negative punishment.
5) What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why?
I liked least the opinion questions, only because I did not see how this was helping me to think of examples.
6 a,b&c) What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why?
a) I will remember the extreme negative reinforcement, and how they used the US military example. I will remember this because it showed an extreme case of how behavior modification can go.
b) I will remember the cultural differences in punishment. I think understanding cultural difference is important because it shows and gives examples of how punishment can and is used.
c) I will remember how disrupting the operant behavior does not have to be upsetting. This is important because looking at punishment it also seems to be upsetting or involving taking something away that we desired.
7) Now that you have been thinking about behavior modification for the past couple of weeks, we will start a mini behavioral observation project. We are going to start recording how many glasses of water we drink each day. You can just write these down on a piece of paper each day (starting today) and we will use your findings next week in one of these assignments. How much water to you think you drink each day?
I may drink up to one cup of water a day. I know that I do not drink a whole lot of water, and usually try to drink my water bottle full, but only every drink half of it.
8) Once you are done with your post make list of the terms and terminology you used in your post.
Reinforcement, positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, unconditioned stimulus, condition stimulus, primary reinforcement, intrinsic value, extrinsic value, limited value, broad value, positive punishment, negative punishment, operant behavior

After reading section 2.2, please respond to the following questions.

1 a&b) It is becoming a pretty common theme from section to section in text that things are explained very thoroughly with very good examples that helps relate what could be confusing terminology to every day life.

2) I disliked that there were many typos in this section.even though it did not affect my understanding of the material, it sometime disrupted my reading flow.

3 a,b&c) I will remember what conditioned and unconditioned responses and stimuli because these have taught in many other psychology courses I have taken.
I will also remember that intrinsic value is what an individual places on something and that extrinsic value is what a culture as a whole places value on.
I will also remember that a generalized reinforcer is a reinforer that has gained its function as a reinforcer because it is often paired with other reinforcers and a good example of a generalized reinforcer is money.

After reading section 2.3, please respond to the following questions.

4 a&b) I liked that this section was a more detailed explanation of punishment. Much like the previous section on reinforcement, I feel like I have a better understanding of what exactly punishment is after reading the section.

5) There was nothing that I really disliked about this section. I thought that it was very informative and gave good examples of why punishment should be used rarely as opposed to reinforcement.

6 a,b&c) I will remember that the APA forbids its members from being involved in torture (I learned this in my clinical psychology course as well).
I will also remember that if punishment is going to be used, it has to be abrupt, have the appropriate intensity, be immediate and consistent. This also goes to show that reinforcement is a much better way to change a target behavior because it does not have to follow as many guidelines as punishment does.
I will also remember that disrupting operant behaviors is more effective than punishment. The example of sending a child to his room when they are being too loud instead of yelling at them will achieve the exact same target behavior (quieting the child) without making the consequence adversive.

7) I would say that I drink approximately 4-5 glasses of water a day.

8) Terminology: conditioned response, unconditioned response, intrinsic value, extrinsic value, generalized reinforcer, reinforcment, punishment, operant behavior, adversive, target behavior

1 a&b) I enjoyed the section on classical conditioning and Ivan Pavlov. I know Pavlov is old news but I still like the simplicity of his findings. I think it is interesting to take a step back and consider how many conditioned responses we have to stimuli that we aren’t readily aware of. We respond to things ranging from a car horn to pop fizzing when you start to open the cap after it’s been shaken up. Those are both things that might not trigger a response if we hadn’t been introduced to the sounds and experienced different outcomes when they have occurred. I think talking about stimuli and responses could be a never ending conversation because we are surrounded by them everywhere we go.

2) If I have to pick something I disliked I would probably say Maslow’s hierarchy of needs simply because I am pretty familiar with them and they are interesting but not nearly as interesting as reading about stimuli, responses, reinforcement and conditioning.

3 a,b&c) One thing I learned after reading this module was that we have to avoid using the words positive and negative when describing a stimulus. Instead we use the words pleasing or aversive. This class has discussed using behavioral language correctly for the past few weeks and this is another easy mistake that can change the meaning of what you are trying to say. I also learned an easy way to recognize a secondary reinforcement is to ask yourself if the stimulus occurred without being conditioned would it still be reinforcing? I also will remember the difference between limited and broad values. This was just a short little section but it is something that often passes under the radar when learning about reinforcements. This was just a good reminder to me that some reinforcers can wear off quickly while others can actually remain useful beyond what they were originally used for.

4 a&b) I liked the short section on understanding that we can modify the environment to help reduce behaviors. We speak a lot about how we can either reinforce or punish the behaviors and we really focus on the verbal and physical aspects of that. However, when modifying the environment was brought up it really caught my attention because at my job that is something I have to do every day. I work with kids that self-harm and are suicidal. That means that every day I am looking for potential objects that they could harm themselves with and removing those objects from the kids’ environment. This is an extremely important part of my job because each little mistake or missed object results in them cutting themselves or attempting to strangle themselves.

5) If I had to pick something it would just be the definitions of positive and negative punishment because I know them by heart at this point so I didn’t really need that information but it is always nice to have the definition be reinforced in order to keep it in my working memory.

6 a,b&c) One thing that I will remember is that the two best tools for behavior modification are positive reinforcement and extinction. I think that at times it is hard to limit yourself to these tactics, especially when someone is engaging in a dangerous behavior, but it is good to know what the most effective means of modifying a behavior is. I also will remember that we have to continue punishing consistently if we want to see behaviors decrease. I think that is where behavior modification gets really tricky because punishment can vary between people observing the behavior and it is very hard to be consistent because so much behavior is situational. The third thing that I will remember is that we are required to be responsible and ethical about what behaviors we are trying to reinforce and with what aversive stimuli we choose to do that. We don’t want to be reinforcing aversive behaviors and we don’t want to be using aversive stimuli if it is unethical.

7) How much water to you think you drink each day?
I think I might drink about 1-2 glasses of water a day. This will go up depending on if I have practice that day or not, but on a day without practice I would say 1-2.

8) Terminology: classical conditioning, Ivan Pavlov, conditioned responses, stimuli, Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, reinforcement, punishment, ethical, extinction, limited, broad, aversive, pleasing, primary, secondary

1.What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why?
One thing that I really like in this section was how the new terms can in pairs or groups. This made the section easy to read and understand.

2. What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why?
I disliked the beginning of the section because it was review. I had already learned that material and didn’t need to read it again.

3.What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why?
The three things I will remember most are primary, secondary, and generalized reinforcers. Primary reinforcers are biologically reinfocing. They do not need other stimulus to make the reinforcing. An example would be water. A secondary reinforcer is a stimulus that needs to be paired with another stimulus to make it reinforcing. An example would be a school bell. A generalized reinforcer is a reinforcer that has to be paired with several other reinforcers to make it reinforcing. An example would be money.

4. What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why?
One thing that I really liked in this section was the part about disrupting the behavior instead of punishing it. I found it interesting that disrupting the behavior is a good alternative to punishment. I also found the example in this section to be very helpful.

5.What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why?
There was really nothing in this section that I did not like. There were a few spelling and grammatical errors in this section that could be fix though.

6.What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why?
I will remember that positive punishment is when something aversive is added to the situation. An example would be being yelled for talking in class. The second thing I will remember is that negative punishment is when something desirable is removed from the situation. An example of this would be the loss of driving privileges. The third thing I will remember from this section is that an alternative to punishment is disrupting the operant behavior.

7.Now that you have been thinking about behavior modification for the past couple of weeks, we will start a mini behavioral observation project. We are going to start recording how many glasses of water we drink each day. You can just write these down on a piece of paper each day (starting today) and we will use your findings next week in one of these assignments. How much water to you think you drink each day?
I think that drink 3-4 glasses of water a day.

8.Terms used: Primary reinfocers, secondary reinforcers, generalized reinforcers, positive punishment, negative punishment, disruption, operant behavior, aversive, desirable.

1.Something I really liked about section 2.2 was the examples. Without the examples that are easy to relate to, I would be totally lost. The definitions at the start of the paragraphs from wiki were confusing, so having examples after that really helped me understand more.

2.Something I really disliked was the difference between primary and secondary reinforcers. It was just hard for me to tell the difference and keep them straight. I also had a hard time coming up with examples of generalized reinforcers besides the ones already discussed in the section. I couldn’t think of one.

3.Three things I’ll remember from this section are the difference between positive and negative reinforcement. I’ll remember that generalized reinforcers can be money or a debit card (even though I can’t think of anything else that would be a generalized reinforcer) Lastly, I’ll remember the difference between intrinsic and extrinsic value. Intrinsic is something that has value to an individual and extrinsic is something that has value to majority of others.

4.Something I liked from section 2.3 was the chance to write in a lot of our opinions. This time, they weren’t asking to make up example and write those down, they were asking our opinion, so I thought that was a change and something nice to write instead. I also liked when it talked about the effectiveness, abruptness, intensity, immediacy, and cultural differences in punishment.

5.There really wasn’t anything I could think of that I disliked about this section. It was really interesting and relevant and I liked this one.

6.Three things that I will remember from this section is what positive punishment is (the addition of something negative), I will remember that punishment is seen differently in every culture and what we (the US) could see as harsh could be seen as casual in a different culture. Lastly, I will remember that there are four things that make punishment effective; how soon it is, how sudden it is, how intense it is, and how frequent it is.

7.If I were to guess, I would say I probably drink about 4 glasses of water a day. But this is also out of my water bottle which is probably larger than a usual “glass of water” so I would round up to 6 or 7. I try to drink water as much as possible.

8.Primary reinforcer, secondary reinforcer, generalized reinforcer, positive and negative reinforcers, intrinsic value, extrinsic value

After reading section 2.2, please respond to the following questions.
1) What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why?
The one thing I really liked about this section is that it is very self-explanatory, it is very easy to follow and the boxes are very helpful to fill out because it makes you understand and compare the definitions to things in life. Though it is repetitive, this section makes sure that one understands everything there is about reinforcement and the different types of reinforcement.
2) What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why?
As I said above it is a bit repetitive but it is only that way because the sections wants to make sure that one fully understands the reinforcement processes.
3) What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why?
The first thing I will remember is the differences between positive reinforcement, the introduction of a pleasing stimulus, and negative reinforcement, the removal of an aversive stimulus. This is very important to remember because they are the increase of a certain behavior using an addition technique and a removal technique. The second thing I will remember is the different reinforcers: primary, secondary, and generalized reinforcer. These are important to remember because they are the definitions of reinforcers, both conditioned and unconditioned, plus with the modification of behavior without knowing which reinforcers to use the modification process might not be as efficient. The third thing I will remember is that reinforcers can have an intrinsic value, value that an individual places on something, and extrinsic value, values others place on something. This is important to remember because they are essential to figuring out reinforcers that will successfully work and hold value to a certain individual or population.
After reading section 2.3, please respond to the following questions.
4) What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why?
I really liked how they talked about the different aspects and techniques of punishment, it was interesting to see all the available options for punishment and all the ethical violations. This section was definitely more about the dos and don’ts of punishment and how reinforcement is definitely the better option.
5) What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why?
There wasn’t anything I didn’t really like about this section, I thought it was really interesting and different than the rest of the sections I’ve read so far.
6) What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why?
The first thing I will remember about his section is the difference between positive punishment, the introduction of an aversive stimulus, and negative punishment, the removal of a pleasurable stimulus. This is important to remember because they are the differences between the decreases of a behavior. The second thing I will remember is the different types of punishments that are administered: abruptness, intensity, and immediacy. It is important to understand the efficiency, appropriateness, and effectiveness of each punishment. The third thing I will remember is the cultural differences in punishments of behaviors and how other cultures might deem our punishments as either too harsh or too lenient; the same can be true as we view other cultures punishments. This is important to understand because different behaviors can lead to different consequences throughout the cultures.
7) Now that you have been thinking about behavior modification for the past couple of weeks, we will start a mini behavioral observation project. We are going to start recording how many glasses of water we drink each day. You can just write these down on a piece of paper each day (starting today) and we will use your findings next week in one of these assignments. How much water to you think you drink each day?
I drink about 3 bottles of water every day.
8) Once you are done with your post make list of the terms and terminology you used in your post.
Positive reinforcement, stimulus, negative reinforcement, aversive, pleasurable, reinforcers, primary reinforcer, secondary reinforcer, generalized reinforcer, conditioned, unconditioned, intrinsic value, extrinsic value, punishment, positive punishment, negative punishment,

After reading section 2.2, please respond to the following questions.

1 a&b) What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why?
I really liked the examples given in the section because they are occurring in my own life sometimes so I can usually relate to what the section is talking about

2) What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why?
Like I have said in previous blog posts there isnt really anything I disliked, I just think that the section is repetitive in some parts, but that is the only way to get the concept fully

3 a,b&c) What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why?
-I will remember what positive and negative reinforcement are.
- I will remember what unconditioned and conditioned stimuli are because the example was really helpful in learning the terms and distinguishing between them
- I will remember Maslow's hierarchy of needs because I am a visual learner so the visual in the section helped me

After reading section 2.3, please respond to the following questions.

4 a&b) What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why?
I liked the review of positive and negative punishment at the beginning of the section because I feel like people struggle with the concept of punishment having the positive attached to it

5) What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why?
Again there wasn't anything I really disliked in this section. I thought the examples were good and it helped review punishment.

6 a,b&c) What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why?
-I will remember positive and negative punishment since we have gone over them a few times now
- I will remember that you can use reinforcement in the place of punishment in some situations
- I will remember the certain behaviors are punished but eventually we will continue to do them again because it was not punished enough

7) Now that you have been thinking about behavior modification for the past couple of weeks, we will start a mini behavioral observation project. We are going to start recording how many glasses of water we drink each day. You can just write these down on a piece of paper each day (starting today) and we will use your findings next week in one of these assignments. How much water to you think you drink each day?
I think I drink 3-4 glasses of water a day

8) Once you are done with your post make list of the terms and terminology you used in your post.
Positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, conditioned, unconditioned, positive punishment, negative punishment

1 a&b) What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why?
I liked the Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs diagram because I have seen it many times before and I felt that it was great in the context of talking about primary and secondary reinforcers.

2) What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why?
I liked the definition of generalized reinforcers the least (to acquire other reinforcers) because I felt that it was too vague. Without the examples, I would be totally lost.

3 a,b&c) What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why?
I will remember that a positive reinforcement is introducing a desirable stimulus because we have learned about that since day one. Another thing I will remember is an unconditioned response is innate and not learned, just comes naturally because of the good examples, such as salivating when smelling good food. Lastly, I will remember that a primary reinforcement is a stimulus that does not require a pairing to another stimulus to function as a reinforcer.

After reading section 2.3, please respond to the following questions.

4 a&b) What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why?
One thing I liked the most was the Door Guy reading example because it showed how punishment may result in decreased desirable behavior as well as negative emotions towards punisher.
5) What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why?
I did not like the water boarding example because I do not know what that is and it did not explain it.

6 a,b&c) What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why?
One thing I will remember is that positive reinforcement and extinction are our two best tools. I thought that this cleared up a lot of questions I had regarding negative reinforcement and positive punishment, Another thing I will remember is the children throwing rocks and the self harm behavior because those are behaviors that must be immediately stopped and punishment works the fastest. Lastly, I will remember that punishment must be consistent because it went along with our class discussion on Thursday about people being more or less strict can affect behavior.

7) Now that you have been thinking about behavior modification for the past couple of weeks, we will start a mini behavioral observation project. We are going to start recording how many glasses of water we drink each day. You can just write these down on a piece of paper each day (starting today) and we will use your findings next week in one of these assignments. How much water to you think you drink each day?
I think I drink an average of 6 glasses a day.
8) Once you are done with your post make list of the terms and terminology you used in your post.
Primary and secondary reinforcement, generalized reinforcers, positive reinforcement, desirable stimulus, unconditioned response, punishment, extinction, and negative reinforcement.

1.) One thing I really liked from this section were the examples we were to come up with since they pertain more to my future career and also for future parenting.

2.) One thing I liked least was that the reading was like a recall and repeating what we already have learned, which I understand is a good learning technique, repetition.

3.) I will remember the Ivan Pavlov salivating dog condition and unconditioned stimuli experiment, since this study is not new to me. Another thing I will remember is the Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs pyramid since I have seen that in my construction safety class actually! I will also remember primary and secondary reinforcing terms since that seems important for later.

4.) One thing I liked about this section was reading about extreme negative reinforcement since I have written many papers over torture and inquisition in the military.

5.) One thing I liked least was the recall of positive and negative punishment, but did like the different examples this time.

6.) Three things I will remember are abruptness of punishment since that was interesting. Another is immediacy of punishment since I could use that for my coaching job and for training my dog even. Also I will remember cultural differences in punishment since I am minoring in ethics and find it fascinating in other nations how they punish.

7.) I try to drink about one liter (1.8 fl oz) a day, but that is far from the amount of ounces I should be drinking especially with working out.

8.) Abruptness of punishment, immediacy of punishment, positive punishment, negative punishment, condition and unconditioned stimuli, primary reinforcing, and secondary reinforcing

Section 2.2

1 a&b) What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why?
My favorite part of this section was the part comparing intrinsic verses extrinsic. It was fascinating to learn how to distinguish between the two. From this, I was able to understand that extrinsically appealing aspects may not be valuable for an individual, and the intrinsically value items may not be valued in a social context.

2) What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why?
I disliked learning about primary and secondary reinforcers, because I found them to be confusing. For this, I am not sure what specifically qualifies to meet the safety and social needs for a person under Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs. It was difficult to determine examples for secondary reinforcers, especially ones that occur in the world. I understand that frustration means that I am learning, but I feel like it was not explained clearly enough. Also, I wish the answers were given for the chart comparing the primary and secondary reinforcers were provided.

3 a,b&c) What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why?
a. I will remember positive reinforcement is the introduction of a desirable stimulus. This is also contingent upon emitting a target behavior, and the goal is to increase this response. Verbal praise, such as “Good job,” is an example of positive reinforcement. This is something I will remember, because it is important to use positive reinforcement if you want a behavior to continue to occur.
b. A primary reinforcer may be referred to as an unconditioned reinforcer, since the stimulus does not need to be paired with another stimulus to function as a reinforcer. A primary reinforcer may have obtained its function through evolution. I think it could be very useful to recognize which reinforcers do not need to be paired with another stimulus to elicit a particular response.
c. Intrinsic refers to the value an individual may place on something, while extrinsic is the value others place on something. A culture may find value in certain reinforcers, which would make those reinforcers extrinsically important to the culture. In the culture, individuals may not value the same reinforcers, which means the reinforcers are not intrinsically important to the individual. This is something that I will remember because I think it is important to acknowledge that just because a culture values some reinforcers, does not mean that all individuals within that culture will, and vice-versa.

Section 2.3

4 a&b) What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why?
My favorite part about this section is talking about whether or not punishment is ethical. I found this intriguing because as a social worker, I am expected to obey and uphold the values with the Code of Ethics. Prior to this, the textbook did not refer to how we need to be responsible for our behaviors, as well. It puts it into perspective that there is such a thing as punishment that is too extreme.

5) What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why?
I dislike the use of punishment as an option, especially when there is the option for reinforcement to occur. All forms of punishment are considered to be aversive, but I felt as though this section professionally talked about punishment.

6 a,b&c) What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why?
a. I will remember the difference between positive and negative punishment. This is something that has been discussed all semester. It is essential for behavior modification to recognize the difference between the two. Positive punishment refers to adding an aversive stimulus, and negative punishment is when there is removal of a desirable stimulus. The goal for both of these is to decrease the frequency of the behavior that is being emitted.
b. It is important to remember that if a person wants to emit a punishing response, it should be delivered immediately after the unwanted behavior occurs. If someone waits too long to deliver a punishment procedure, it can decrease the effectiveness of the desired response. This is something I will remember just in case if I decide to use punishment to elicit a more desirable response, and if I wait too long, it will not be as likely to end in the favorable response.
c. There are different cultures that may lead to different punishments. A form of punishment may be considered too harsh in some countries, whereas others may believe it is too lenient. In the helping profession, it is vital to have a sense of cultural competence, so you are aware of different cultures and what policies are in place. This way you are complying to the law and have a sense of your clients’ culture and background.

7) Now that you have been thinking about behavior modification for the past couple of weeks, we will start a mini behavioral observation project. We are going to start recording how many glasses of water we drink each day. You can just write these down on a piece of paper each day (starting today) and we will use your findings next week in one of these assignments. How much water to you think you drink each day?
I think I drink about 6 cups of water each day.

Terms: intrinsic, extrinsic, context, primary reinforcers, secondary reinforcers, positive reinforcement, stimulus, contingent, emit, target behavior, response, behavior, unconditioned reinforcer, elicit, punishment, aversive, positive punishment, negative punishment, frequency

1. I thought it was extremely interesting thinking more deeply into how simple phrases or words of recognition can shape a persons behavior entirely. For example if someone does something nice for you and you show great appreciation that increases the likelihood of that happening. Although this is jut basic positive and negative reinforcement I thought it was interesting how much of an impact it has on the target behavior.
2. Something I disliked about this section was the different names for basically the same thing. For example primary reinforcers are just unconditioned and secondary reinforcers were just conditioned. I feel as thought behavior modification it just making it more difficult throwing in new terminology for the same thing.
3. 3 things I will remember from this section was the Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, the difference between primary and secondary reinforcers, and how to determine whether or not something is a secondary or primary reinforcer.
4. I liked learning about the abruptness of behavior, which opened my eyes to the rest of the chapter considering you must know how heavy to lay on the punishment for the target behavior.
5. Something I disliked about this section was learning the extremity that negative reinforcement can become, because it was gruesome to think what one might do to receive a desired behavior.
6. Three things I will remember about this chapter is the intensity of punishment, the immediacy of punishment, and how often you should enforce it.
7. I’d say I drink about 10 glasses of water a day.
8. Positive/negative reinforcement, primary/secondary reinforcers, conditioned, target behavior, desired behavior, punishment

Section 2.2

1 a&b) What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why?
I like all the examples given because it will help me remember the terms and how to use them properly

2) What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why?

I disliked that this chapter seemed pretty repetitive, i know it helps in learning the material though

3 a,b&c) What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why?
a)I will remember the Ivan Pavlov salivating dog condition and unconditioned stimuli experiment, because i have heard of it before in other classes

b)I will remember that a positive reinforcement is introducing a desirable stimulus because this has been repeated since the beginning of class

c)I will remember that s primary reinforcer is a main reinforcer that is biological based due to the need for survival. Examples are food and water.


Section 2.3

4 a&b) What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why?

i liked the section on the ethics of punishment

5) What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why?

I disliked the review of positive and negative punishment at the beginning of the section, because i feel like it is repeated in every section

6 a,b&c) What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why?

a)There are different cultures that may lead to different punishments, because of the examples

b)I will remember that you can use reinforcement instead of punishment in some situations

c)I will remember the four things that make punishment effective; how soon it is, how sudden it is, how intense it is, and how frequent it is


7)How much water to you think you drink each day?

about 1 cup

8) Once you are done with your post make list of the terms and terminology you used in your post.

positive reinforcement,condition, unconditioned stimuli,primary reinforcer,positive punishment, negative punishment


After reading section 2.2, please respond to the following questions.
1 a&b) What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why?
This section cleared up any misunderstandings I had about reinforcers. There were several different types mentioned in previous sections that were not explained in detail until this section.
2) What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why?
I found it hard to come up with examples of secondary reinforcers in the world and personal life. I found it hard to come up with examples as the ones used in the text were the ones I would have thought up on my own.
3 a,b&c) What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why?
I will remember the difference between conditioned and unconditioned stimuli: conditioned stimuli have to be learned, and unconditioned stimuli do not have to be. Another thing I will remember is that there are two different types of reinforcers: Primary and secondary. Primary reinforcers work with our basic (biological) needs and are unconditioned. Secondary Reinforcers work with primary reinforcers and conditioned based on the primary reinforcers. I will also remember Generalized reinforcers are conditioned reinforcers that depend on the type of value placed on it; intrinsic vs extrinsic and limited vs broad. These seem like important concepts in relation to changing behavior.
After reading section 2.3, please respond to the following questions.
4 a&b) What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why?
I liked this section because the definitions bored me. As far as I am concerned-that means that I have learned the differences between positive and negative punishment.
5) What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why?
There was not anything I didn’t like in this section. It was well explained and even talked about cultural differences that can affect the severity of the forms punishment can take.
6 a,b&c) What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why?
One thing I will remember is that punishment needs to happen immediately after the unwanted behavior or the subject could connect the punishment to a behavior that was not meant to be punished. Another thing I will remember is that the punishment needs to be consistent, or the unwanted behavior could be reinforced instead of declining. I will also remember that B.F. Skinner thought reinforcement was more effective than punishment. These seem like important concepts in relation to changing behavior.
7) Now that you have been thinking about behavior modification for the past couple of weeks, we will start a mini behavioral observation project. We are going to start recording how many glasses of water we drink each day. You can just write these down on a piece of paper each day (starting today) and we will use your findings next week in one of these assignments. How much water to you think you drink each day?
4-5 glasses a day.
8) Once you are done with your post make list of the terms and terminology you used in your post.
Reinforcer, secondary reinforcer, conditioned stimuli, unconditioned stimuli, primary reinforcer, secondary reinforcer, generalized reinforcers, intrinsic, extrinsic, limited, broad, positive punishment, negative punishment, punishment, behavior, reinforced.

1 a&b) What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why?
One thing that I really liked in this section was on secondary reinforcers. I like how it was included a lot of examples like the lunch bell because it was easy to relate to. In elementary school, every time around noon and we heard the bell ring- we knew it was time for lunch. However, the first couple times I heard it, I had to get adjusted to what it meant as I was only used to bells at the beginning of school and the end of school. If I hadn’t been exposed to the bell idea- for example, if I were homeschooled and then went into a university where there is not any bell, then it would have little value to me.

2) What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why?
Something I liked the least in this section was the part toward the end on limited vs. broad value. I think that the way the terms are phrased are what get me confused because usually when I think of something as broad- I think of it as not as specific. Whereas limited, I am able to understand easily as when you chew gum like the example gives; it is a limited amount of time until the flavor goes away. I can tell these terms will take me longer for me to remember and pair together.
3 a,b&c) What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why?
The three things I will remember from this section are positive and negative reinforcement, Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, and generalized reinforcers. I will definitely remember the positive and negative reinforcers as we have been working with these reinforcers for the past few weeks now so I think it has really started to stick in my brain much easier. Secondly, I have been exposed to Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs multiple times since High School and the explanation of what the hierarchy makes sense to me you can’t have something higher up on the pyramid without the one below it. Finally, I will remember what a generalized reinforce is because of the examples of money and debit cards that went along with it.
After reading section 2.3, please respond to the following questions.
4 a&b) What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why?
I enjoyed the section on ethical issues in behavior modification. I remember in the previous section, I think it was Pavlov only believed in reinforcement for behavior modification and I liked that this went into more detail with questioning if punishment or reinforcement is better and I think it can be applied in many ways- especially parenting. I definitely think it is difficult to be a parent and if your kid is having issues in class- what is the best way to approach this? Obviously it is hard not to become frustrated if this issue keeps happening and the temptation to punish could easily come into play.
5) What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why?
Something I disliked was the section on Extreme Negative Reinforcement. Since the last section was about reinforcement I think this could have worked better into the chapter whereas this kind of went along with the paragraph on ethical guidelines with behavior modification techniques. I also wish it went into more detail with what exactly water boarding is because after reading I am still confused on it.
6 a,b&c) What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why?
I will remember positive and negative punishment since we have been working with punishment for a while and I am definitely comfortable with both of these terms. Also I will remember the abruptness of punishment. Punishment is abrupt and because of that can be used more if the behavior is becoming a safety issue- obviously it is better to not risk others lives and punish the bad behavior. Thirdly, I will remember the intensity of punishment because the example was with police officers and it is easy to remember because if things are getting too out of control- that’s when police are usually called in to come and take control of the situation.
7) How much water to you think you drink each day?
I have a water bottle that I carry around with me just about everyday and it is 28 ounces I believe. Usually I go through a couple refills of my water bottle if it’s on a day I teach workout classes but on days I don’t work out I’d say I only go through one refill of my water bottle.
8) Once you are done with your post make list of the terms and terminology you used in your post.
Secondary reinforcers, limited vs broad value, generalized reinforcers, Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, positive punishment, negative punishment, punishment is abrupt, punishment is intense, and extreme negative reinforcement.

1 a&b) What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why?
I really liked that you made a point to say that context is important when talking about stimuli. This is probably a question I would have had in class, so thank you for answering that up front in the text. I also was thankful that you gave an example along with it, it was different from what I was thinking, giving me better understanding as to what falls into the category.

2) What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why?
I think the part that was most confusing for me was distinguishing the difference between the UCS, UCR, CS, and CR. I presume it will just take some time and examples to fully understand them, hopefully we can go over this in class. The example you had in the text about the salivating dog makes sense, but when I try and think of my own examples, I was having a hard time.

3 a,b&c) What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why?
After this section I think that I have the idea of positive vs negative reinforcement down pretty well. This section was very helpful in distinguishing the difference between the two, and you had examples I could understand. And the fact that I was then able to create my own examples with target behaviors makes it even better.

The idea of limited and broad values was new to me this section, however, it is a relatively simple concept and I believe that I will be able to remember it easily.

Primary vs secondary reinforcers are a slightly complex idea, but I think I understand how both are classified. Primary does not need to pair with another stimuli, whereas a secondary reinforcer has only become a reinforcer because of its pairing with another stimulus that already acts as a reinforcer.

After reading section 2.3, please respond to the following questions.


4 a&b) What was one thing that you really liked that was
in the section? Why?
This is similar to what I answered for 2.2, but I like the fact that you brought up the issue of ethics, and you spent quite a bit of time talking about it. Most people would think of behavior modification merely as manipulation, and being an aversive thing. However, you pointed out that it is our job to keep it ethical and moral. There is a fine line between punishment and torture, there are even regulations about such times.

5) What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why?
One thing that I would have liked a little more information on was the concept of B.F. Skinner thinking that a society without punishment was possible. Would he focus mainly on disrupting operant behaviors? I'm really not sure how I personally feel about it, there are a lot of things to take into considerations. This reminds me a lot of the movie "The Purge", which to me was also controversial.

6 a,b&c) What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why?
2.3 was very helpful in establishing the difference between positive and negative punishment, as well as giving specific examples of each. Along with my examples, I am confident that these are ideas that I can use in my daily life.

The statement 'there are cultural differences in punishment' is one that I will definitely remember, again, context is everything. Obviously America's idea of prison or punishment is very different from Iraq's idea of prison or punishment. This not only has to do with morals or ethics, but also socioeconomic standings.

Using the technique of disrupting the operant behavior, makes total sense to me. By emiting a certain behavior, we can eliminate the chance for an aversive behavior. This idea will eliminate the chance for punishment to even occur, which is usually better for every party.

7) Now that you have been thinking about behavior modification for the past couple of weeks, we will start a mini behavioral observation project. We are going to start recording how many glasses of water we drink each day. You can just write these down on a piece of paper each day (starting today) and we will use your findings next week in one of these assignments. How much water to you think you drink each day?
I probably drink between four and five glasses of water a day.

8) Once you are done with your post make list of the terms and terminology you used in your post.
Stimuli, positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, behavior modification, aversive, punishment, disrupting operant behavior, positive punishment, negative punishment, limited values, broad values, emiting.

1 a&b) What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why?
i really liked all the examples and how things were explained. i especially liked the section on pavlov and classical conditioning and unconditioned stimuli. it helped me understand everything deeper and connect it to things in real terms.

2) What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why?
one thing that i disliked was the repetitiveness of the other/past blogs. it's nice to have a review but it just gets a little repetative and seems like its just different terms for the same stuff. an example was primary reinforcers are just unconditioned. it can make me feel confused.

3 a,b&c) What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why?
a) maslows hiearchy of needs. this was very helpful, especially the drawing that explained what was all involved.
b) i will remember that generalized reinforcers are used to get other reinforcers such as gift cards
c)responses and stimuli are unconditioned when they dont have to be learned and they are conditioned when they dont have to be learned and associated with unconditioned stimuli.
After reading section 2.3, please respond to the following questions.

4 a&b) What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why?
one thing that i liked about this section was the part on extreme negative reinforcement. this was very interesting to me and i was able to understand it more since it broke down torture techniques that i have heard about before.
5) What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why?
there wasn't a lot from this section i disliked, but one thing that i didnt like was the opinion questions. i wasn't fond of them because i wasn't sure if how they were helping but otherwise everything else was good.

6 a,b&c) What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why?
a)positive and negative reinforcement. positive is adding something aversive and negative is the removal of a desirable stimulus.
b) extreme negative reinforcement is torture and can be used in ways such as water boarding.
c) an effective alternative to punishment is using disruptive operant behaviors.

7) Now that you have been thinking about behavior modification for the past couple of weeks, we will start a mini behavioral observation project. We are going to start recording how many glasses of water we drink each day. You can just write these down on a piece of paper each day (starting today) and we will use your findings next week in one of these assignments. How much water to you think you drink each day?

i think somewhere between 3-5 cups a day.

8) Once you are done with your post make list of the terms and terminology you used in your post.
operant behaviors, pavlov, classical conditioning, unconditioned stimuli, positive and negative reinforcement, maslows hierarchy of needs, stimuli, primary reinforcers, unconditioned, generalized reinforcers ,condition

1.)Something I liked from this section is how important context is to a situation involving reinforcers. It really clicked when the example given was euro's in the United States. I never thought about how a reinforcer might lose its power depending upon the situation.
2) Something I liked least in this section was that it didn't give many examples of generalized reinforcers. Maybe I'm not thinking out of the box, but the example given (money) was the only example that came to mind immediately. I just wonder what else would be considered a generalized (non-secondary) reinforcer.
3.)I think something I will really remember from this section is that the hypothalamus is the part of the brain devoted toward primary reinforcers, or the necesities. I will remember this because I find it very interesting that there is an area to the brain specifically meant for this aspect. Another thing that I will remember from this section is the Pavlov example of a conditioned reinforcer/secondary reinforcer. I feel as though being a Psychology major, Pavlov and his dogs example is often drilled into you. Now, I feel like I have a much better grasp of it. Lastly, I will remember everyday secondary reinforcers. I have never before thought of being conditioned to the traffic lights or even a lunch bell.
4.)Something I really liked was the second paragraph in this section. This described introducing an aversive consequence to a friends undesirable behavior. That if you punch your friend in the arm for taking a bite out of your burrito, they probably won't eat your burrito anymore. I felt this was a great way to remember this concept with humor.
5)Something I didn't necessarily dislike, but thought was a little unnecessary were the boxes just asking our opinion on the use of techniques like water boarding or other torture methods to get desirable information. Even the box asking about the psychologists role in aversive techniques. I feel like the boxes are used more for practice, rather than our opinions.
6.)One thing I will remember from this section is the definition of negative punishment, how it involves the REMOVAL of something desirable. I know I will remember this because for some reason I had always mixed it up with negative reinforcement. Another concept I will remember from this section is extinction. I love extinction because I think it truly is amazing how people and even animals handle themselves when a behavior is no longer being reinforced. Lastly, something from this section I will remember is that extreme negative reinforcement is used by the government even to get information from people. I think it's very interesting that the APA even put special guidelines in the Ethics Code for it as well.
7) I think that I drink about 6 bottles of water each day.
8)Reinforcers,generalized reinforcers,conditioned reinforcer/secondary reinforcer, aversive consequence ,undesirable behavior, desirable behavior, negative reinforcement, extinction

1 a&b) What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why?
The one thing I liked about this section was how relatable all of the examples given with the new vocab words. This made it easier to understand because most of the examples were real world things that happen to us everyday or use everyday. I think that buy doing that it makes it easier to read and understand what is going on in each chapter. This helps me when trying to come up with my own ideas for example for simple day to to day things.

2) What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why?
The one thing i liked least was the amount of new vocab that was introduced in this chapter. I think a couple new vocab words per chapter is ok but not like 5 or 6 new ideas/vocab is a little to much to remember and to keep separate from all the vocab words we have already learned from previous sections.

3 a,b&c) What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why?
The first thing I will remember from this section is that everything depends on the context it is being used for the stimulus and giving examples off it. I will also remember not to use the words Positive and negative when it comes to pleasing and adverse instead. These new words mean the same thing but help distinguish between certain things going on in chapter. The third thing I will remember from this section is that Skinner is associated with operant conditioning while Pavlov is a associated with classical conditioning. This is something good to remember because this is the basis for everything we will be studying in the future

After reading section 2.3, please respond to the following questions.

4 a&b) What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why?
I really liked how this section was more of a story with not as many vocab words but putting it all together to get to big picture. The examples in this section were great and really helped me understand what was going on.

5) What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why?
I disliked how there were so many boxes for us to fill in but not a lot of examples to go off of. Yes the ones given were great but it would have been nicer to have more then one for each different concept that was discussed in this section.

6 a,b&c) What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why?
I will remember that water boarding is used in the USA for a form of server toture The only reason we use it is to try to get answers out of ppl to help keep the USA safe though. I will also remember that if a punishment is to be used it should be abrupt a good intensity, immediate and consistent for the punishment to be able to work and change a certain behavior in someone of something. The third thing I will remember is that Positive punishment involves the introduction of an aversive stimulus. Negative punishment involves the removal of a desirable stimulus. This is good to remember to help clarify which punishment it which.


7) Now that you have been thinking about behavior modification for the past couple of weeks, we will start a mini behavioral observation project. We are going to start recording how many glasses of water we drink each day. You can just write these down on a piece of paper each day (starting today) and we will use your findings next week in one of these assignments. How much water to you think you drink each day?
i think I personally drink a lot of water so I would 10 to 12 glasses of water a day.

Positive, negative punishment, stimulus, adverse, desirable, operant and classical conditioning,

1) What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why?
-I really enjoyed reading the sections over positive and negative reinforcement. This section helped clarify the difference between the two. I liked the examples they gave which was a nice transition into the next section.
2) What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why?
-I did not like the section over generalized reinforcers as well as generalized secondary reinforcers. I just confused me a bit. I understand how money could be a generalized reinforcer but then I get confused when it goes into the intrinsic and extrinsic values.
3) What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why?
-I will remember the overview of positive and negative reinforcement because I struggled with it last time but how I understand. The second thing to remember is the generalized reinforcers even though I do not get the details but I do get the basic idea. The last thing I will remember is the secondary reinforcer which makes complete sense to me. Like when a dog gets rewarded with treats but then knows they will be rewarded when they hear the bag being opened.
4) What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why?
-Once again, I enjoyed the section where it restates what negative and positive punishment is. This section helped me clarify the difference between the two and reinforcement.
5) What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why?
-There was not much I did not like in this section. It was interesting and made me think a lot about punishment.
6) What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why?
-I would like to learn more or at least talk about extreme negative punishment in class. What is the main difference between that and just normal negative punishment. What is the boundary? The second thing I will remember is the intensity punishment and immediacy of punishment since those seems simple enough to understand. Basic stuff. I will also remember the cultural differences of punishment. What would life be like on the other side of the world? Would things we are reinforced for here but punished for over there? Could we talk more about this?
7) Now that you have been thinking about behavior modification for the past couple of weeks, we will start a mini behavioral observation project. We are going to start recording how many glasses of water we drink each day. You can just write these down on a piece of paper each day (starting today) and we will use your findings next week in one of these assignments. How much water to you think you drink each day?
-I drink at least three glasses of water a day. In fact, it is about all I drink.
8) Once you are done with your post make list of the terms and terminology you used in your post.
-Positive reinforcement, negative reinforcer, generalized reinforcer, generalized secondary reinforcement, intrinsic, extrinsic, secondary reinforcer, positive punishment, negative punishment, immediacy of punishment, intensity of punishment,

After reading section 2.2, please respond to the following questions.

1 a&b) What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why?

I liked how clear all of the definitions were, I like knowing exactly what we are suppose to be paying attention to in each section and focusing on it. I usually make note of the vocab words and it is easy to write them out for study purposes when they are clear.

2) What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why?

The amount of vocab and new terms gets frustrating they all have such similar meanings and I understand they are in the same section because they go together. however, remembering exactly what each word means gets hard after so many terms appear.

3 a,b&c) What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why?

I will remember from this section is that Skinner is associated with operant conditioning while Pavlov is a associated with classical conditioning because this is the first time this was being mentioned in the material. I will also remember how to use positive and negative reinforcement in sentences and how they can be substituted. I will also remember along with what psychologist goes with what term what the difference between classical and operant conditioning are; and how they can be seen in examples such as the salivating dog.


After reading section 2.3, please respond to the following questions.

4 a&b) What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why?

I liked the section on ethics and whether or not it was ethical to perform certain forms of punishment. I think we have to consider everyone is a little bit different and everyone sees things differently. What may seem like harmless punishment to one person may be offensive to another person.

5) What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why?

I guess not just this section but all the sections in general I wish we went over examples that are given in the reading in class. I think it is important for us to know we are doing the examples correctly.

6 a,b&c) What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why?
A few of the things I think I will remember about this chapter are the intensity of punishment, along with the immediacy of punishment, and the ethics of punishment discussion. I think these can all be related to real life situations, which makes them helpful to remember.

7) Now that you have been thinking about behavior modification for the past couple of weeks, we will start a mini behavioral observation project. We are going to start recording how many glasses of water we drink each day. You can just write these down on a piece of paper each day (starting today) and we will use your findings next week in one of these assignments. How much water to you think you drink each day?

About 4-5 glasses per day.


8) Once you are done with your post make list of the terms and terminology you used in your post.

Positive and Negative reinforcement, punishment, negative and positive punishment. Immediacy of punishment, intensity of punishment. ethics.

Let us know if you have any questions,

1 a&b) What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why?

I really liked how the concept of reinforcement was broken down and explained through real life examples, like Pavlov's work. We're all familiar with Pavlov's bell experiment with the dogs, so using concepts like this everyone knows about helps grasp the idea much easier.

2) What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why?

One thing I disliked was the example of money/credit cards/checks/etc for explaining generalized reinforcers. Maybe it's just me, but I felt that dwelling on that one subject made it more confusing than helpful. Perhaps it was just worded funny, but it made me more bewildered than educated.

3 a,b&c) What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why?

I will easily remember the example of Pavlov's dogs and how he conditioned them to drool when he rang the bell. I will also remember the concept of conditioned vs unconditioned stimuli. We were talking about this in my developmental psychology class as well, so the repetition helps. Lastly, I will remember how positive and negative reinforcement differ, since we've learned that concept since the beginning of class.


4 a&b) What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why?

One thing I liked about this section was the examples used to illustrate positive and negative punishment. They seemed the most realistic and relatable to me, especially the one about having your roommate steal your things. They were very eloquently written and helpful.

5) What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why?

I was a little thrown off about the constant aversion to the topic of punishment. While punishment can be cruel at times, it doesn't always have to be such a negative topic. If we look at things closely, we use punishment plenty of times in our day-to-day lives and they don't always have to be cruel and unusual acts. I felt the section focused more on the negativity of punishment than the act of punishment in itself.

6 a,b&c) What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why?

One thing I will remember is the relatable examples used to define the concept of punishment, both negative and positive. I will also remember the section that covered the ethical issues of punishment and behavioral modification in general. Even if our intentions are to further our knowledge, we must always be ethical in our studies. Lastly, I will remember the need to keep punishment consistent until the target behavior stops altogether.

7) Now that you have been thinking about behavior modification for the past couple of weeks, we will start a mini behavioral observation project. We are going to start recording how many glasses of water we drink each day. You can just write these down on a piece of paper each day (starting today) and we will use your findings next week in one of these assignments. How much water do you think you drink each day?

It's hard to say how much water I drink each day. If we were talking about how much coffee I drink each day, that would be an easier question, to which the answer is too much. I always drink my water at home out of the same water bottle and I would assume I drink the whole bottle at least 1 1/2 times everyday.

Terminology: reinforcement, punishment, target behavior, conditioned stimuli, unconditioned stimuli

1. I liked the section on secondary reinforcers because it gave examples that related to pets and these are examples that I have seen in my everyday life. Most behaviors exhibited by pets are secondary reinforcers because they have been conditioned to act that way in order to receive a reward.

2. I least liked the section on Pavlov and conditioning, because I have already learned this from previous psych classes. Pavlov noticed that when the dogs he was studying saw meat powder they started drooling. He then conditioned them so that when they heard a bell they started drooling in anticipation of food. The meat powder was the unconditioned stimulus, the drooling was the unconditioned response. The bell was the conditioned stimulus and the drooling was the conditioned response.

3. I will remember that positive reinforcement is the addition of something positive and negative reinforcement is the removal of something negative. I will remember because I have learned this before in other classes and it is obvious to me now. I will remember primary reinforcers are unconditioned and that secondary reinforcers are conditioned, because it relates to Pavlov and makes sense intuitively. I will remember what a generalized reinforcer is because the examples in the book were really good. A generalized reinforcer is a conditioned reinforcer that obtained its function by pairing with many other reinforcers.

4. I liked the section on ethical issues of behavior modification because this is something that I think a lot of people struggle with when they learn how to manipulate behavior. This section tells people that you should not manipulate people’s behaviors without good reason, and that a lot of times it is in the best interests of everyone to change someone’s behavior.

5. The section I liked least was the one about abruptness of punishment. For punishment to work, the punishment needs to be aversive enough to make the subject decrease or stop the behavior. It’s not that I didn’t like this section, but there were a lot of really good sections in this chapter and this was my least favorite.

6. I will remember what positive and negative punishments are. This is because I have already learned it and it makes sense to me. Positive punishment is adding something bad, while negative punishment is removing something good. I will remember that a punishment needs to be aversive enough and intense enough to cause the subject to decrease the behavior. I will also remember that punishment needs to occur right after the behavior in order for it to be effective. This is something that I was taught by my parents when we were training our childhood dog.

7. I think I drink around 20 ounces of water a day. I know I do not drink enough, but it’s hard for me to remember to drink enough.

8. secondary reinforcers, behaviors, conditioned, Pavlov, conditioning, unconditioned stimulus, unconditioned response, conditioned stimulus, conditioned response, positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, primary reinforcers, secondary reinforcers, generalized reinforcer, behavior modification, manipulation, abruptness of punishment, aversive, positive punishment, negative punishment, intense

1 a&b) What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why?
I liked the examples used in this section. I found them to either be relateable or very easy to follow.

2) What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why?
I found the definition of generalized reinforcers to be rather vauge, but after reading on more and the examples I was able to follow it a bit better.

3 a,b&c) What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why?
The link between reinforcements and the stimulus. It is helpful to remember that a positive reinforcement is related to a desired stimulus and negative reinforcement is related to an aversive stimulus. I will also remember the information given about Maslow's hierarchy of needs. I have learned about this before in other psychology classes before but this is from a different aspect relating to behavior modification. I will also remember that the context which you are in often plays a big role in whether or not a primary or
secondary reinforcer will actually have reinforcing properties.

After reading section 2.3, please respond to the following questions.

4 a&b) What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why?
I like that in this section, and also the previous one, it is broken down to focus solely on one particular topic. It really gets into the meaning and different forms of something we had been previously been talking so generally about.

5) What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why?
There was not anything in particular that stood out to me in this section that I disliked.

6 a,b&c) What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why?
I will remember that negative punishment is the removal of something positive because that seems to be the most common kind of punishment we use. On that note I will also be able to remember a bit easier that a positive punishment is the addition of something aversive. I will also remember the importance of the abruptness of punishment. I just got a pet bunny, and I will be attempting to train it to use a litter box, I think abruptness of punishment will play an important role in doing so.

7) Now that you have been thinking about behavior modification for the past couple of weeks, we will start a mini behavioral observation project. We are going to start recording how many glasses of water we drink each day. You can just write these down on a piece of paper each day (starting today) and we will use your findings next week in one of these assignments. How much water to you think you drink each day?
I normally drink about one water bottle a day, so that is probably only two cups or so.

8) Once you are done with your post make list of the terms and terminology you used in your post.
Positive and negative reinforcement, desired and aversive stimulus, aversive, positive and negative punishment.

2.2
1) One thing I really liked in this section is the examples of negative reinforcement. I liked the example of the significant other stops leaving annoying voicemails since they mowed the lawn. This example helped me understand negative reinforcement way better than the dog example given in class. This also helped me come up with more examples on my own.
2)One thing I didn’t like about the section is that the boxes we had to fill in were a little repetitive.
3) Two things that I will remember from this chapter is that primary reinforcers are those that our body naturally motivates us towards like food, water, sex, and air. The second thing I will remember is that secondary reinforcers are those wouldn’t have normally had any value to us but now do due to reinforcement of a primary function. The third thing I think I will remember is negative reinforcement. I think I will remember this now because in class we have learned how to better break down a behavior and I know now that it is the removal of an aversive stimulus contingent upon emitting a target behavior, with that behavior increasing.
2.3
1) One thing I really liked about this chapter is that it was very cohesive with the last chapter only it talked about punishment.
2)One thing I didn’t like in this section is all the forms and intensity of punishment. I think that this part of the chapter is long and it started to persuade my feelings about using punishment. I am for using punishment, whether it is negative or positive, with kids. I grew up with it and I think my kids will have it used against them to change behavior but after reading this section it made me think of all the stuff in the media and on Facebook of people who abuse it. I think as long as it is used effectively and morally it is okay.
3) One thing I think I will remember from this chapter is that positive punishment involves the adding of an aversive stimulus with the goal of decreasing a behavior. I liked the first example in the section of the boy eating the other person’s food. I think positive punishment gets uses in my everyday life living with my brothers. Another thing I will remember is negative punishment and that It is the removal of something desirable to decrease the frequency of a behavior. I think I will remember this because my parents use this a lot with me and my brothers growing up and it worked will in emitting us to decrease a behavior. The last thing I will remember from this chapter is that punishment is only effective in decreasing a behavior if it is used affectively.
Terms: Negative reinforcement, positive reinforcement, positive punishment, negative punishment, emitting, secondary reinforcers, and primary reinforcers,

2.2
1 a&b) What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why?
I like how this section really reviewed reinforcement so much. I already understood what positive and negative reinforcement were, so I like how this chapter added new kinds of vocabulary like reinforcer and secondary reinforcer.

2) What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why?
I disliked how the examples were really repetitive. I don't mind having one example for reviewing positive and negative reinforcement, but having three of basically the same thing just with different subjects got really repetitive.

3 a,b&c) What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why?
One thing I will remember from what I read in this section is conditioned versus unconditioned stimuli. I will remember this because I have already heard a lot about it in various psychology courses and I feel that this section explained it really well so I will fully understand it for future psychology courses. Another thing I will remember from this section is what secondary reinforcers are. I did not understand this topic when I first read it, so I went over it a few times in the section and the section did do a great job of explaining it. Lastly, I will remember that context matters when it comes to whether or not a primary or secondary reinforcer will actually have reinforcing properties. This is important to remember because without knowing this, it would be hard for someone to correctly label what a primary or secondary reinforcer is in a situation.

2.3
4 a&b) What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why?
Like section 2.2, I really liked how this section went deeper into explaining punishment. I understood the basis of positive and negative punishment, but this section really went into detail regarding ethical standards which I believe are really important when it comes to behavior modification.

5) What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why?
I really liked this section as a whole and the examples that it gave students, however I have the same issue with the majority of the rest of the sections that I have no clue if I'm doing the examples right. I just wish there was a separate key we could look at somewhere to know if we have the right idea, and if we don't to maybe explain the examples more.

6 a,b&c) What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why?
One thing that I will remember from this section is exactly what positive and negative punishment are. Since this section went into such detail reviewing them, I believe that they are pretty imprinted in my mind now. I will also remember that whenever using reinforcement or punishment, you always need to make sure that what you are doing is ethical. I will remember this because I feel this is a very serious issue, and that not following this could lead to some pretty horrific things to your career. Lastly, I will remember that punishment disrupts the operant behavior. This was one big thing that I did not know at all before reading this section, and for that reason I feel that I focused on it more while reading which is why it will stick in my head more then other topics.

7) Now that you have been thinking about behavior modification for the past couple of weeks, we will start a mini behavioral observation project. We are going to start recording how many glasses of water we drink each day. You can just write these down on a piece of paper each day (starting today) and we will use your findings next week in one of these assignments. How much water to you think you drink each day?
I think I drink about 3-5 glasses of water each day.

Terminology: reinforcement, positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, reinforcer, secondary reinforcer, conditioned stimuli, unconditioned stimuli, punishment, ethics, behavior modification, positive punishment, negative punishment, operant behavior

1) I really like how this chapter goes into detail about not just the definition of reinforcement, but also the different types/subsections (maybe that’s not the right term) of reinforcement because it gives better insight to the different reinforcements out there.

2) I’m still fairly confused on what a generalized reinforcer is. I read and reread that specific section of the chapter a few times and I still feel like I’m not entirely sure what the term means. I feel like maybe the definition that is given isn’t a clear enough definition of the term itself. Or maybe I’m missing something…

3 A) I think I’ll be able to understand better that certain reinforcers may not work in certain situations because of the “context” of the situation. It seems almost like common sense for that one. B+C) I think I’ll also be able to remember limited and broad values mainly because both words have a similar meaning used outside of behavior modification. Limited being you only have so much of something before it goes away and broad being there’s enough to last a long time.
After reading section 2.3, please respond to the following questions.

4 a&b) I really like that the “Extreme Negative Punishment” was added in the section. I just really liked it because it shows how extreme someone will go (torture) to get what they want out of somebody.

5) I felt that both the Abruptness of Punishment and Immediacy of Punishment both could have been combined into one section because I felt like they were both dealing with the same thing (how soon punishment happens) but just dealt with different examples.

6 a) I will definitely remember that punishment differs vastly through different cultures. B) That punishment will disrupt the operant behavior. The example of calling on someone who’s falling asleep in class is a great example of this. C) Punishment should be brief enough to stop an operant behavior.

7) Well, oddly, the times that I’m home I drink a lot more water than what I do when I’m at school. When I’m at school I drink maybe 2-3 glasses of water a day.

8) reinforcement, reinforcer, punishment, operant behavior, target behavior, generalized reinforcer, context, behavior modification, limited values, broad values, abruptness of punishment, immediacy of punishment, negative punishment.

1. A) I liked the examples of negative reinforcement B) because of the nagging spouse or reduction in car payment examples. They really helped make sense that negative reinforcement is the removal of aversive stimuli and meant to reinforce to increase the frequency of a behavior.
2. My least favorite part of the section was the part about generalized reinforcers because, while the money example was excellent and made sense, the concept seems slightly confusing to me and I’d like to see other examples to more fully understand it.
3. A) I will remember that primary reinforcers are unconditioned because of the examples given with Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs and how physiological needs like food, rest, breathing, and procreating qualify as things that we are reinforced to do without being conditioned. B) Second, that secondary reinforcers are conditioned because of the examples of unintentional conditioning of pets and how the act of letting them outside can act as one of these. C) I’ll also remember the difference between intrinsic and extrinsic (internal/the value the person gives vs. external/the value the others give) because these are concepts that I’ve read about in other classes.
4. A) I liked the discussion of ethics in Behavior Modification, especially as it relates to things like waterboarding. B) The ethical sections, I feel, are interesting and relate to real life more than other parts of the reading.
5. A) The only thing that I disliked from the section was the vagueness in parts of it. B) For example, I would’ve enjoyed reading further in depth about how punishment differs in different cultures and specifically what kinds of frequencies are needed for punishment to be “successful”.
6. A) One, I will remember that using punishment for behavior modification can have unexpected “side effects”. This will stay in my memory because of the example with being punished for reading in one context, and the person reducing the rate of reading in all contexts. B) Second, that there is a term for spraying your pet for misbehaving, which is misting. I find this terminology humorous! C) Third, that punishment must be repetitive and consistent to be effective. This surprised me, because I didn’t expect the act of punishment to be more long-term.
7) I think I probably drink at least six glasses of water a day.
8) negative reinforcement, aversive stimuli, reinforce, generalized reinforcers, unconditioned, Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs, conditioned, primary reinforcers, secondary reinforcers, intrinsic, extrinsic, punishment, misting

1 a&b) What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why?
The principles and contingencies of reinforcement and punishment refer to Operant Conditioning, which was established by B.F. Skinner, but another type of conditioning exists. Classical Conditioning, was largely the result of work by Ivan Pavlov, a Russian physiologist. I found this interesting mainly because I took history and systems and this type of information draws my attention. It is interesting to see that something so simple lead to Behaviorism, which itself, for the longest time, was the dominating field in psychology.
Also Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs is always interesting to read and hear about.

2) What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why?
The sections regarding unconditioned stimulus (UCS), unconditioned response (UCR), conditioned stimulus (CS) and conditioned response (CR), always throws me off because I have a difficult time remember which is which, that’s really about the only reason I disliked that little section.

3 a,b&c) What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why?
-A secondary reinforcer, sometimes called a conditioned reinforcer, is a stimulus or situation that has acquired its function as a reinforcer after pairing with a stimulus which functions as a reinforcer. New term, seems important so now I have to memorize it.
-A generalized reinforcer is a conditioned reinforcer that has obtained the reinforcing function by pairing with many other reinforcers. This term I am very familiar with, it was discussed and its power as a reinforce, in a different class. I can see now how it ties in with primary and secondary reinforcers.
-The context which you are in often dictates whether or not a primary or secondary reinforcer will actually have reinforcing properties. “In the context of……”, famous quote by Otto Maclin, hard to forget its meaning and why it is important.
After reading section 2.3, please respond to the following questions.

4 a&b) What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why?
The use of torture has been in the news the US began relying on a technique called water boarding to interrogate ‘enemy combatants.’ The U.S. government may consider water boarding simply a type of negative reinforcement, claiming that the revealing of desired information (target behavior) on behalf of the prisoner accompanies the removal of an aversive stimulus (the water), thus increasing the frequency of revealing desired military information. I like this because it is a clear example of how to take behavior modification to the extreme; it is also not just an example but something that is practiced. I don’t actually agree with the technique because as most know those who are being tortured will give up any kind of info, real or made up, to put a stop to the torture.

5) What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why?
The frequency of punishment, it is aversive to both the person punishing and the organism being punished. Additionally, for punishment to work and thus insure that the target behavior has decreased, you have to keep punishing. And punishment should be consistent. You want to punish one time and be done with it, but in actuality, the contingencies of punishment do not always work that way. This holds to be true, I just don’t like the idea of having to constantly keep punishing to get any kind of results.

6 a,b&c) What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why?
-Extreme negative reinforce can be a form of torture, for example the use of water boarding when interrogating enemies. Extreme negative reinforcement has a name torture that is why I will remember it.
-If punishment is to be used, it should be abrupt, have the appropriate intensity, be immediate, and consistent. Because punishment has to be consistent and intensive is why I do not like the idea of it, but it is also the reason I will remember it
- B.F. Skinner was against the use of punishment favoring effective reinforcement. He believed that a society without punishment was possible. I just think it’s an interesting idea, and the fact that skinner wrote a book on it makes it that much more interesting.

7) Now that you have been thinking about behavior modification for the past couple of weeks, we will start a mini behavioral observation project. We are going to start recording how many glasses of water we drink each day. You can just write these down on a piece of paper each day (starting today) and we will use your findings next week in one of these assignments. How much water to you think you drink each day?
Taking into account only water, and counting bottled water, probably 3-4 glasses.

8) Once you are done with your post make list of the terms and terminology you used in your post.
punishment, reinforcement, reinforcer, positive punishment, negative punishment, primary reinforcer, secondary reinforcer, generalized reinforcer, conditioned stimulus, unconditioned stimulus, aversive, intensity, disruption, target behavior

1 a&b) What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why?
I liked this section because it really breaks down the differences between positive and negative reinforcement which many people have had trouble with. it also breaks other concepts down really well with good explanations and examples/
2) What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why? It was kinda lengthy and wordy, so it took a long time to read when it could have been shortened up quite a bit.
3 a,b&c) What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why? I will remember the difference between positive and negative reinforcement. What a secondary reinforcer is, because of the good examples. It was something i was confused about before reading this section. And the difference between intrinsic and extrinsic value.

After reading section 2.3, please respond to the following questions.

4 a&b) What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why?
Like section 2.2, this section does a very good job at explaining and giving examples for the different topics.
5) What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why? Also like 2.2 this section seemed rather long and wordy.
6 a,b&c) What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why?
Punishment needs to be abrupt in order to stop the behavior. The punishment also needs to be intense. if its not intense enough for the specific behavior, it will keep happening. and it needs to be soon after the behavior or it will not be affective for that specific behavior.

7) Now that you have been thinking about behavior modification for the past couple of weeks, we will start a mini behavioral observation project. We are going to start recording how many glasses of water we drink each day. You can just write these down on a piece of paper each day (starting today) and we will use your findings next week in one of these assignments. How much water to you think you drink each day? about 6 - 8 cups.

8) Once you are done with your post make list of the terms and terminology you used in your post.
reinforcement, reinforcer, punishment, positive, negative, secondary reinforcer, intrinsic, extrinsic, abrupt, intense

1) One thing I liked about this section was although there were some key terms in the chapter and a lot of stuff associated with them, the boxes and questions made it easy to distinguish between each one. I understood it right away from the definition and examples given. I also liked how it branched off from the content we already learned about reinforcement.

2) One thing I disliked in this section was learning about the generalized reinforcers. I used money for an example of a secondary reinforcer, but then it said that it is more for a generalized reinforcer. It was hard to distinguish between them and I think the book could give more examples of each.

3) Three things I will remember from this section are the difference between positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement because they can both seem confusing but are critical when changing a specific behavior, that an unconditioned stimulus and response are innate and don’t have to be learned whereas the conditioned stimulus and response was learned because there are a variety of stimuli can be conditioned to give a response, and primary reinforcers are unconditioned and are things like water, food, sex ,and air because these don’t have to pair with other stimuli to function as a reinforce.

After reading section 2.3, please respond to the following questions.

4) One thing I liked about this section was relating it to something that is going on in the U.S. with water boarding. It helps us see a real life example of negative reinforcement (or so they believe so). I also liked how it stated that ethical responsibilities should be taken when dealing with modifying other people’s behavior.

5) There wasn’t anything that I disliked about this section because it was pretty straight forward. The only thing I could say about it is keeping track of the vocab is sometimes hard to do because they use the same concepts in different terms like positive punishment and positive reinforcement.

6) Three things I will remember will be that the two best tools for behavior modification are positive reinforcement and extinction because it uses as little aversive procedures as possible, punishment often elicits unwanted negative emotion towards the person administering the punishment in case I ever have to use any sort of punishment in life, and if you are going to use punishment you need to do so immediately after the unwanted behavior occurs because waiting can decrease the effectiveness.

7) 2-3 bottles of water

8) Terms: positive reinforcement, secondary reinforce, generalized reinforce, negative reinforcement, unconditioned stimulus, conditioned stimulus, reinforcers, extinction, punishment, behavior modification, aversive, elicit

Section 2.2
1 a&b) What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why?
One thing that I liked in this section was the review of positive and negative reinforcement. I liked this section because it showed me that I have a good understanding of the differences between these two types of reinforcement. I understand that positive reinforcement adds a desirable consequence, and negative reinforcement removes an aversive consequence, but both are meant to increase the frequency of a target behavior. Understanding this concept is important because what we will learn later is based on this basic principle.

2) What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why?
One thing that I liked least in this section was the part about generalized reinforcers. I didn’t like this section because it didn’t give many examples of what they are other than things that have monetary value. Because of this I was having a difficult time coming up with other examples of what a generalized reinforcer is. I think I understand that generalized reinforcers can be used to obtain other reinforcers, but I could only come up with examples such as gift cards, which is basically what was given as an example in the text. The only other thing that I can think of is that you may be able to trade something that you have for something else that you want or need, such as in a barter system.

3 a,b&c) What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why?
a.) One thing that I will remember from this section is the difference between intrinsic and extrinsic values. It is easy to remember that intrinsic means internal, how each individual values a reinforcer, and that extrinsic means external, how others value a reinforcer regardless of how an individual might feel about it. This is important because a reinforcer will be less reinforcing if the subject of the behavior modification gives it low intrinsic value.

b.) Another thing that I will remember is that B.F. Skinner is well-known for operant conditioning, while Ivan Pavlov is known for classical conditioning. I think that the differences are important because of the methods of conditioning and the terminology used with each. For example, if you are talking about a Skinner box then you are dealing with a stimulus that must be interacted with by the subject using the target behavior in order for the subject to receive reinforcement. With classical conditioning, the subject does not necessarily need to do anything that they wouldn’t already do. Instead, the unconditioned response becomes a conditioned response by pairing the unconditioned stimulus with the conditioned stimulus. Pavlov did this by eliciting the dogs to drool at the sound of the bell alone, after the bell had been paired with food.

c.) The third thing that I will remember from this section is the difference between primary and secondary reinforcers. Primary reinforcers are essential for our survival, and include biological needs such as food and sex, and needs such as physical safety and social belonging. We don’t have learn that these things are reinforcing. Secondary reinforcers signal that a primary reinforcer is close. We need to learn to associate secondary reinforcers with the appropriate primary reinforcer, such as learning that when the microwave beeps (secondary) it means that your food (primary) is ready to eat.

Section 2.3
4 a&b) What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why?
One thing that I liked in this section was the part about ethical issues when using behavior modification. I liked this part because I found it interesting to think about why it may or may not be considered wrong to change someone’s behavior, and whether or not punishment is a proper tool to use. I agree that reinforcement is a better way to modify someone’s behavior, but I also understand the reasoning that sometimes punishment is the quickest way to stop a behavior in circumstances such as when the behavior causes danger to the individual or to others. It is also interesting to think about where psychologists have to draw a line on where they believe punishment becomes extreme to the point where they cannot assist or approve of it. Waterboarding is certainly an example where many would agree that it is too extreme, but other forms of punishment, such as solitary confinement in prison, may seem extreme to some but acceptable to others.

5) What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why?
One thing that I liked least in this section was the review of positive and negative punishment at the beginning of the section. I know that above I said that I liked the review of reinforcement from the previous section, and I dislike it in this section for the same reason I liked it in the first section. I feel that I have a good understanding of the basic concept that positive punishment is giving something aversive as a consequence, while negative punishment involves taking away something that is desirable. I know that it is important to have a good grasp of this principle because everything else will be built on it, so I consider it a good thing that I read this part and thought “I already know this”. It made understanding the rest of the section easier.

6 a,b&c) What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why?
a.) One thing that I will remember from this section is that punishment can elicit aversive emotions from the subject being punished toward the person emitting the punishing act. I think that this is one of the reasons why it is preferable to use reinforcement whenever possible, because there is less chance that someone will react aversively after they have been reinforced. Punishment may also decrease behaviors other than the target behavior. In the example of the child who is throwing rocks, if they are punished for throwing rocks, they may soon decrease their behavior of throwing anything, such as a baseball, even if it is appropriate.

b.) Another thing that I will remember from this section is that punishment must be abrupt, appropriately intense, immediate, and consistent. Being abrupt means that the punishment should stop or decrease the behavior quickly. In the cases of young children, parents will often begin scolding them by forcefully saying their name. For most children, this will get their attention enough to make them stop doing whatever it is they are being scolded for. Intensity means that the punishment should be severe enough to stop the target behavior. An employee who regularly shows up late might not respond to a verbal reprimand because being yelled at doesn’t bother them. However, being passed over for a promotion because of this behavior might cause the employee to stop being late so that they might get the next promotion. Immediacy means that the punishment must be given as soon as possible after the undesired behavior occurs. If too much time has passed between the behavior and the punishment, the subject might not associate the punishment with the behavior. Finally, punishment must be consistent. This means that every occurrence of the target behavior must be punished, or else the subject will not respond as strongly to the punishment and could possibly feel reinforced for the times that the behavior is not punished, and therefore actually increase the frequency of behavior.

c.) Finally, I will remember that sometimes just disrupting the operant behavior is better than using punishment to stop it. There are times when a normally desirable behavior can become undesirable based on the context of the situation. If you are running late and a friend wants to talk to you, you don’t want to punish them for talking to you and risk decreasing that behavior. Instead you might simply tell them that you have to go but you will talk to them later. I have also seen parents do this with their children when they begin talking very loud. Rather than punish the child by scolding, they ask the child to lower their voice but then let them continue speaking.

7) Now that you have been thinking about behavior modification for the past couple of weeks, we will start a mini behavioral observation project. We are going to start recording how many glasses of water we drink each day. You can just write these down on a piece of paper each day (starting today) and we will use your findings next week in one of these assignments. How much water to you think you drink each day?
If by water this means plain, clear water, then I do not drink more than a few sips out of a fountain on most days, if any. This is mostly because it is cold outside and I prefer to drink coffee or tea. During the summer I usually drink at least four glasses per day, however right now I would say that I don’t drink any water.

8) Once you are done with your post make list of the terms and terminology you used in your post.

Terms: positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, desirable, aversive, consequence, target behavior, generalized reinforcer, intrinsic, extrinsic, B.F. Skinner, operant conditioning, Ivan Pavlov, classical conditioning, Skinner box, stimulus, unconditioned response, conditioned response, unconditioned stimulus, conditioned stimulus, elicit, primary reinforcer, secondary reinforcer, punishment, reinforcement, positive punishment, negative punishment, emit, undesirable, operant behavior, context

Section 2.2

1 a&b) What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why?
My favorite part about this section was the relatable examples. I felt like almost all of the examples were able to be applied to situations that I find myself in every day. This section almost felt like a review of past knowledge, which made it more comfortable when new terms were added into the mix.

2) What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why?
Sometimes I feel like I get a little overwhelmed with the new vocabulary when there are a lot of new definitions to understand in one section. It is understandable why they are all placed together in the coordinating section, but sometimes I find myself getting some of the new words mixed up. I get frustrated when I think I have a concept down, only to find myself having to rewire what I’ve already ‘learned’ because I got two terms confused.

3 a,b&c) What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why?
After reading this section, I will first and foremost remember that positive reinforcement is introducing a desirable stimulus. This is a concept that we learned from day one and was reiterated throughout the section through examples. I will also remember that reinforcers have extrinsic and intrinsic value, because these are two terms that I hadn’t been all that familiar with before and I found the difference to be interesting. Lastly, I will remember the difference between primary and secondary reinforcers. I hadn’t always thought about how reinforcers can be associated by basic needs, but this section helped me to make sense of it.

Section 2.3

4 a&b) What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why?
My favorite part about this section was the cultural differences in punishment. I have always been interested in different cultures and how they operate differently from us in the United States. Seeing how punishment is valued and viewed in different cultures can really help us to put a different perspective on how we view it ourselves, as well as feel fortunate that some of the punishments in different countries don’t apply in our own.

5) What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why?
As a whole, I really enjoyed reading this section and learning more about punishment. If I had to choose one thing that I disliked, it would probably be coming up with examples. For some reason, coming up with examples on my own gives me a lot of anxiety because I never feel confident in my answers. I know that it is an effective way to learn the material, but sometimes I just feel like my examples aren’t always correct.

6 a,b&c) What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why?
I will definitely remember the difference between positive and negative punishment, because this is an concept that we have learned from the beginning and it was also reiterated throughout this sections and previous sections. I will remember that punishment must always be ethical, regardless of if it is positive or negative. This stuck out to me because I’ve always been interested in ethics and learning about cases that built up to ethical laws. Lastly, I will remember that disrupting operant behaviors can be an effective alternative to punishment.

7) I usually drink a lot of water throughout the day, but I usually drink out of a big water bottle instead of glasses. Knowing that I have to record how much water that I will be drinking will probably make me more conscious of how much I’m drinking, and I will probably drink a little more than I would if I didn’t have to keep track of it. I will predict that I will fill up my water bottle about twice each day.

8) Terms: reinforcement, reinforcer, punishment, positive, negative, primary reinforcer, secondary reinforcer, extrinsic, intrinsic, ethics, operant behaviors, stimulus, response.

After reading section 2.2, please respond to the following questions.
1 ) One thing I liked about this section was it reviewed topics that I was already familiar with so it was a good refresher. It talked more about positive and negative reinforcement, as well as going back over Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs. These topics were expanded on and then it went and then started to get into new terms, which I found to be helpful in understanding after the basics were touched on again.
2) One topic that was the least interesting to me was the section on extrinsic and intrinsic. I guess the reason I thought this was because this section I didn’t really understand.
3 ) One thing I will remember from this section is the difference between primary reinforcers and secondary reinforcers. Another thing I will remember from this section is generalized reinforcement, because the examples were very helpful in this section. I will also remember Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs, because I have learned it in other classes.
After reading section 2.3, please respond to the following questions.
4) One thing I liked about this section was that it expanded on positive punishment and negative punishment some more, which I found to be a little confusing before. Now I am starting to understand.
5) There wasn’t anything in this section that I don’t think I liked. Overall the section seemed to be pretty easy to understand.
6) One thing I will remember from this section is positive and negative punishment, because I felt like it expanded on it better to where I can now understand. I also will remember intensity of punishment, because I have seen it used and seen how if a person isn’t very stern or strict, how the wanted behavior may fall through. I will also remember the alternative to punishment would be to disrupt the operant behavior.
7) Now that you have been thinking about behavior modification for the past couple of weeks, we will start a mini behavioral observation project. We are going to start recording how many glasses of water we drink each day. You can just write these down on a piece of paper each day (starting today) and we will use your findings next week in one of these assignments. How much water to you think you drink each day?
I think I drink at least 3-4 glasses a day.
8) positive and negative reinforcement, Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs, primary and secondary reinforcers, generalized reinforcement, operant behavior

1 a&b) What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why?
In Section 2.2, I really liked learning more about Pavlov’s work. I’ve heard of Pavlov from my intro and history of psych classes, but now I finally understand conditioned vs. unconditioned stimuli. An unconditioned stimulus (UCS) elicits a natural response (unconditioned response = UCR). We call it unconditioned because the response is natural and reflexive, as compared to learned. A conditioned stimulus (CS) refers to a stimulus that is associated with an unconditioned stimulus, and repeatedly occurs such that the organism learns to respond to the conditioned stimulus. I liked learning about this because in my other classes we did a brief overview which I felt was never thorough enough for me to grasp some of these concepts.
2) What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why?
In this section, coming up with examples was difficult for me. Particularly the ones for secondary reinforcers. I had trouble finding common examples for these. I guess this is difficult because there are not many items which function as effectively as money or points. We are highly motivated by these items because we can exchange them for any primary reinforcer we care for, and as they point out in the reading, is easily exchanged and transported.
3 a,b&c) What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why?
From Section 2.2, I will remember the difference between primary and secondary reinforcers. A primary reinforcer is a stimulus that does not require pairing other stimuli to function as a reinforcer. Simply put, primary reinforcers are biologically significant, and elicit natural response. I will also remember Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs and the relationship they have with primary and secondary reinforcers. For example, physiological, safety, and social needs are all met by primary reinforcers. Finally, I will remember generalized reinforcers. A generalized reinforcer is a conditioned reinforcer which is paired with many other reinforcers, like money.

4 a&b) What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why?
In section 2.3, I really liked the discussion of how to effectively use punishment for undesirable behaviors. I think it is very important, especially when dealing with kids, to be mindful or how intense the punishment is. You also might want to consider the fact that maybe the behavior isn’t always undesirable (such as talking, although talking during a lesson is undesirable). In this case, you may want to only disrupt the behavior.
5) What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why?
In this section, I wish part with extreme negative reinforcement (or water boarding) had been longer. Since this is a controversial social issue, I want to learn more about it from a behavioral standpoint.
6 a,b&c) What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why?
From 2.3, I will first remember to avoid using a form of punishment where possible. I will also remember the discussion on the severity of punishment and how this affects its success. The intensity of punishment is important because you must strike a balance between decreasing the frequency of the undesirable behavior, but you do not want to administer a punishment which is too intense. Some good examples of these are tools the police use to decrease the frequency of various undesirable behaviors. They may do this using pepper spray, a taser, or a gun. While pepper spray is not an effective punishment in some cases, in many cases using the gun is far too intense. Cops need to be very careful when determining what type of punishment to use. Finally, I will remember disruption of behavior. Oftentimes this is a desirable alternative to a punishment. Especially in cases where we need the undesirable behavior to stop immediately, disrupting it can be very effective. This is better than punishment when the behavior is not always undesirable (such as talking in class). In addition, because punishments should always occur immediately after the undesirable behavior and consistently administered. This becomes upsetting for both the person emitting the unwanted behavior, as well as the observer.
7) Now that you have been thinking about behavior modification for the past couple of weeks, we will start a mini behavioral observation project. We are going to start recording how many glasses of water we drink each day. You can just write these down on a piece of paper each day (starting today) and we will use your findings next week in one of these assignments. How much water to you think you drink each day?
Starting the mini behavioral observation project will help me regularly monitor a given behavior, in this case drinking water. I believe I typically drink 2-6 glasses of water each day, mostly depending on whether I work out or not.
8) Once you are done with your post make list of the terms and terminology you used in your post.
Unconditioned stimulus (UCS), unconditioned response (UCR), conditioned stimulus (CS), conditioned response (CR), primary reinforcer, secondary reinforcer, reinforcer, response, generalized reinforcer, intensity


1 a&b) What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why?
I liked how this section refreshed me on older terms so that I don’t forget what they meant and how they apply. But then I also liked how this section introduced and connected to new terms as well. For example I already knew about reinforcement but in this section it really breaks it down and makes it clear that there are different kinds of reinforcement, like negative and positive. So because I knew what reinforcement was it was easier for me to understand how reinforcement is used in different situations.
2) What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why?
I liked how easy the section was to read but I think I have had so many psychology classes that the terms and example of studies are all something that I’ve heard before so it just gets kind of old.
3 a,b&c) What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why?
I will remember from this section that extrinsic value is what a culture as a whole places value on and that intrinsic value is what an individual places value on. Another thing that I will remember is that primary reinforcement is unconditioned and that secondary reinforcement is conditioned. And the last thing I will remember kind of goes a long with e primary and secondary reinforcement because I will remember the difference between conditioned stimuli and unconditioned stimuli.
After reading section 2.3, please respond to the following questions.

4 a&b) What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why?
One thing I liked about this section is how it talks about punishment and how intense in can be. I didn’t really take time and think about how punishment can easily turn into and something this is unethical and maybe a little too far. It showed me how too much of something like punishment can turn from a good thing into a bad thing for a person.
5) What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why?
I didn’t really like to hear about how punishment can turn into something that is ethically wrong because I would not want studies to be done if meant that it went too far in order to get the information.
6 a,b&c) What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why?
One thing I will remember is that the intensity of the punishment really does make a difference and is something that a researcher must always watch out for and keep into consideration. Another this I will remember is that in order for punishment to be used right and have a good effect than you have to punishment right after the unwanted behavior or the subject will not understand what it was being punished for. I will also remember that negative punishment is removing something and that positive and adding something. I will remember this because I fill like I have a better understand of what the two really mean.
7) Now that you have been thinking about behavior modification for the past couple of weeks, we will start a mini behavioral observation project. We are going to start recording how many glasses of water we drink each day. You can just write these down on a piece of paper each day (starting today) and we will use your findings next week in one of these assignments. How much water to you think you drink each day?
For me I like I would drink maybe four cups of water a day.
8 terms
negative reinforcement, negative punishment, positive punishment, primary and secondary reinforcement, conditioned stimuli and unconditioned stimuli

1 a&b) What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why?

I really enjoyed reading about Maslow’s and looking at the Hierarchy of Needs. Repetition of this concept throughout various different psychology classes really helps me to not only remember, but to learn. Maslow’s work is a topic I have covered extensively, because of that I liked having the opportunity to read up on him/the work again.

2) What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why?

This was a very informational section, which was well-written with easily applicable examples and explanations – there really wasn’t something I disliked. I suppose the multiple fill-in-the blank boxes after the introduction of each topic was a bit excessive, but I still saw the necessity of them.

3 a,b&c) What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why?

a. I will definitely remember money referred to as a “generalized reinforcer”. Money is an item I particularly hate because it’s given way more power and importance than it really deserves, however it’s a necessity of life and living. The explanation of money as a generalized reinforcer was very concisely put, allowing me to easily remember it.

b. A concept I continue to view as a work-in-progress as far as my thought process goes, is the “consequence” element of the ABC’s. I like seeing different examples with that element spelled out, as consequence has always been portrayed with a negative connotation, and oftentimes the “consequence” can be something positive, like the example stated with a parent offering their child TV time as a reward for doing their homework.

c. As mentioned earlier, I like building on what I already have heard about, or learned about. For the same reason I liked reading about Maslow, I know I will definitely remember the examples used concerning Pavlov, because I have learned about him before. I remember starting to learn about famous people in psychology in high school and wondered how I’d ever remember them all. Looking back as a senior student in college, though, I see how often we continuously build on information – thus, Pavlov will be a topic I remember well.

4 a&b) What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why?

Something I have liked about all the different sections, this one included, is that instead of just using a conversational introductory story to capture reader’s attention, the conversational-like tone and story-telling writing continues throughout each section. I enjoy this because it keeps my attention and makes it more applicable to my life and experiences, which is easier to learn.

5) What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why?

All of the information presented was very interesting, so I have trouble really identifying something I didn’t like. However (I may just be spoiled by earlier sections), this one seemed a bit long in that it included a lot of different topics – perhaps it could be broken up a bit?

6 a,b&c) What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why?

a. Mainly because I disagree with this perception, I will remember that B.F. Skinner believed society could exist without punishment. I believe there is far too much dishonesty and egocentrism for this concept to effectively play out.

b. I really liked the introduction to the part about punishment. By using the bar scene, it definitely connects with most of the students and is an easy example to refer to (and remember), as it is so applicable within our own lives.

c. I was fascinated to learn that hundreds of people have been exonerated. I would assume that mistakes are made occasionally, but had no idea how many holes were in the collection and comparison of DNA. It was a pretty shocking thing to read, making it memorable.

7) Now that you have been thinking about behavior modification for the past couple of weeks, we will start a mini behavioral observation project. We are going to start recording how many glasses of water we drink each day. You can just write these down on a piece of paper each day (starting today) and we will use your findings next week in one of these assignments. How much water to you think you drink each day?

I can’t have caffeine, and I’m pretty cheap, so I drink quite a bit of water. Today, I know for a fact I had a bottle of water and three glasses, in addition to drinks at drinking fountains.

8) Once you are done with your post make list of the terms and terminology you used in your post.

Maslow’s, Hierarchy of Needs, generalized reinforcer, consequence, ABC’s, Pavlov, B.F. Skinner, punishment

1) What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why?
I really liked the examples used in explaining the difference between intrinsic and extrinsic value when it applies to money. I never would have thought about those terms in such specific and almost nit-picky ways. I would have just assumed that money had very similar intrinsic and extrinsic value, such as $100 bill being worth $100, and I wouldn’t have thought about it extrinsically as a value of the amount of goods or services that could be traded for that $100 bill. I also liked how in the explanation of extrinsic and intrinsic value it was explained that even if a particular reinforcer may not have particularly high intrinsic value for an individual, the extrinsic value that is placed on it may motivate or reinforce an individual to emit a specific target behavior.
2) What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why?
I disliked was the discussion of Pavlov’s salivating dogs and the explanation of unconditioned stimulus, conditioned stimulus, unconditioned response and conditioned responses in classical conditioning. I feel like I have learned about this particular study about 10 times in my educational career. This information has become salient to my learning.
3) What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why?
Three things I will remember from this section include: (1) the difference between positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement because it is not really a difficult concept to grasp and one that has been repeated many times; (2) the difference between primary reinforcers and secondary reinforcers because the two terms are intertwined and interrelated to the fact that primary reinforcers serve our basic needs, such as Maslow’s hierarchy of needs; and (3) the concept of general reinforcers because it was a new concept to me that seemed relatively, and then the idea that money was a general reinforcer significantly clarified the meaning, but also the importance of context when referring to any kind of reinforcer, especially one as broad as the general reinforcer of money.
4) What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why?
I really liked that it was addressed that punishment may have multiple consequences such as decreasing the frequency of behaviors other than the undesirable target behavior. I believe this is one of the many reasons behind why the use of reinforcement is much preferred over the use of punishment. Reinforcement can be more selective, whereas often punishment may have unintended effects on an individual’s behavior. I also like how this section addressed the ways in which punishment needs to be administered to be most effective, including abruptness, which also included the connection to differential reinforcement of other concept, intensity, immediacy (I really liked the shaken up beer example of punishment), and frequency/consistency.
5) What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why?
I disliked the example of water boarding as an extreme negative reinforcement because while it may be a great example, it is also a very upsetting fact that the U.S. uses it on enemy combatants. I also didn’t like it because it seemed like more of a negative reinforcement rather than a punishment and section 2.3 was about punishment rather than reinforcement.
6) What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why?
Three things I will remember from this section include: (1) the shaken up beer example of the importance of the immediacy of punishment because that is a very bold and easy-to-remember example; (2) the importance of culture in the use and intensity of punishments, such as for certain crimes because that is a very relevant point to make especially when considering the high number of international or cross-cultural students at UNI or in the US; and (3) the high preference that Skinner had for reinforcement of desirable target behavior over punishment of undesirable behaviors because ideally that is what I would like to use behavior modification to do in my everyday life.
7) How much water to you think you drink each day?
I think I drink about 4 to 6 glasses of water each day, which amounts to about 2 to 3 full Camelbaks, but I think I drink about 6 to 8 on days that I workout.

Terms used in this post: intrinsic, extrinsic, extrinsically, reinforcer, reinforce, emit, target behavior, unconditioned stimulus, conditioned stimulus, unconditioned response, conditioned response, classical conditioning, salient, positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, primary reinforcers, secondary reinforcers, general reinforcers, context, reinforcer, broad, extreme negative reinforcement, punishment, reinforcement, consequences, differential reinforcement of other, behavior modification

at was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why?
One thing that I really liked about this section was the differences between intrinsic and extrinsic factors. I’ve heard about the terms but I never knew exactly what both meant. I always thought extrinsic meant something else, so this was helpful. It really makes you think of how intrinsic values can really differ from person to person. And how intrinsic value can really be important while reinforcing.
2) What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why?
What I disliked about the section was primary and secondary reinforcers. I thought I understood for the most part what they were from the examples given. But at the same time, when I had to decide on my own using the example what would be primary or secondary, I honestly didn’t know what some of them would be. I could have probably used some more examples and some more details on the differences.
3 a,b&c) What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why?
a. I will remember intrinsic refers to the value and individual places on something, while extrinsic is the value others place on something. An intrinsic values can differ from person to person. Extrinsic forces can also effect what a person’s intrinsic values are. I think this is extremely important to remember, because if we are trying to alter a behavior, we need to focus on that individual, and not culture itself. Someone may hate chocolate while others may love chocolate, so using chocolate as a reward for the person that hates it would not be effective.
b. There are primary reinforcers and secondary reinforcers. And it’s very important to be able to distinguish between the two. A primary reinforcer does not need to be paired with another stimulus to function as a reinforcer itself, which is important to know. A secondary reinforcer may still have to be paired with another to be considered effective.
c. Another thing I will remember is the differences between positive reinforcement, which is introducing a pleasing stimulus, while negative reinforcement is the removal of an aversive stimulus.
After reading section 2.3, please respond to the following questions.
4 a&b) What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why?
One thing I liked about this section was the different techniques of punishment and how it works. I thought it was really interesting to see how punishment really works. And how sometimes reinforcement can be a better choice. Punishment also deals with more ethical issues. Which can really limit punishment.
5) What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why?
One thing I disliked about the section was how much of a negative connotation punishment has. I think in some ways punishment can really be more effective in a situation. Like the example that was used when it mentioned a kid throwing rocks. It’s not going to stop that behavior if you are only reinforcing so many other things.
6 a,b&c) What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why?
a. I will remember the differences between positive and negative punishments. The concepts have somewhat confused me in the past but I think I’m starting to really understand the differences. Positive includes adding an aversive stimulus, while negative is removing a desirable stimulus. Both of these decrease the frequency of the behavior emitted.
b. Different cultures have different ethical issues. A form of punishment in our country may be completely frowned upon in a different country. It’s obviously very helpful to know your limits in other cultures and especially yours if you’re going to punish someone. Some families find it extremely bad to spank your child, so even subcultures have different feelings towards punishments.
c. If a person wants punishment to be effective, they should deliver the punishment as soon as that behavior is emitted. The person being punished can be easily confused if someone does the punishment too far after, or if the person isn’t quite sure if the emitted the behavior they want to eliminate. Or sometimes the person punishing can punish the wrong behavior, which can lead to punishing something they don’t even want to punish. Basically, being accurate is very important when it comes to behavior modification.
7) Now that you have been thinking about behavior modification for the past couple of weeks, we will start a mini behavioral observation project. We are going to start recording how many glasses of water we drink each day. You can just write these down on a piece of paper each day (starting today) and we will use your findings next week in one of these assignments. How much water to you think you drink each day?
I dehydrate myself very much daily. I probably only drink about 3 glasses of water.
Terms: intrinsic, extrinsic, primary reinforcers, secondary reinforcers, behavior modification, positive reinforcement, stimulus, emit, response, behavior, unconditioned reinforcer, punishment, aversive, positive punishment, negative punishment, frequency, desirable.

After reading section 2.2, please respond to the following questions.
1 a&b) What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why?
I liked in the section how it starts with knowledge that we are pretty confident with, positive and negative reinforcement, because it builds off and helps us make a connection to this knowledge when we are learning the newer more unfamiliar information later in the chapter.
2) What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why?
I did not like the table, which we were supposed to practice whether or not the particular item was a primary or secondary reinforcer. I did not like this because it never gave the answers, so the learning of the material was never reinforced or punished.
3 a,b&c) What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why?
a)I will remember the difference between intrinsic and extrinsic value. This is because I can make a connection to my previous knowledge of the vocab words intrinsic and extrinsic. This knowledge includes intrinsic comes from a natural within yourself desire, and extrinsic comes from the outside.
b) I will remember that when it comes to classical conditioning that the unconditioned stimulus that elicits an unconditioned response are unconditioned because they are innate and do not have to be learned. I will also remember that the conditioned stimulus and response are learned. I will remember this because it just makes sense that unconditioned would mean without anything else involved.
c) I will remember what a primary and secondary reinforcer are. I will remember this because it makes sense that primary reinforcers would be something we need first (primarily) like food and water, and a secondary reinforcer would come after these to pair with a stimulus that functions as a reinforcer.
After reading section 2.3, please respond to the following questions.
4 a&b) What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why?
I liked how this section really addressed the ethics of behavioral modification. I liked this just because the topic interests me, and it really helps understand when it is appropriate to use punishment.
5) What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why?
I did not really dislike anything about this chapter; I thought all the information was relevant to what we are trying to learn. I also thought all of the examples were easy to understand.
6 a,b&c) What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why?
a) I will remember it is better to use reinforcement rather than punishment because of how the chapter goes so in depth with the ethics of using aversive stimulus’s, and gave easy to understand examples of why reinforcement works better in most cases. This example of the guy reading while he should be checking I.D.s showed how being punished can decrease a behavior in all contexts and not when just particularly undesirable, or it can elicit negative emotion toward the person doing the punishing.
b) I will remember how abruptness, intensity, immediacy, cultural differences, and frequency of punishment affect the effectiveness of punishment. This is because each of these was broke down into their own section with specific examples, and an area where we can practice each. I will also remember these because it makes sense if the situation is bad enough to punish rather then reinforce, the punisher needs to be intense to stop the behavior, abrupt to now allow the behavior to hurt someone, immediate to start working out the issue, and frequent to make sure it stops.
c) I will remember how distracting an operant behavior can be a good alternate punishment, because I can picture the example of how sending a kid to their room to relax, rather then sending them to their room to punish would create less aversive attitude with a child and create the same results.
7) Now that you have been thinking about behavior modification for the past couple of weeks, we will start a mini behavioral observation project. We are going to start recording how many glasses of water we drink each day. You can just write these down on a piece of paper each day (starting today) and we will use your findings next week in one of these assignments. How much water to you think you drink each day?
4 glasses
8) Once you are done with your post make list of the terms and terminology you used in your post.
Classical conditioning, unconditioned stimulus, elicits, unconditioned response, conditioned stimulus, conditioned response, reinforced, punished, primary reinforcer, secondary reinforcer, intrinsic value, extrinsic value, punishment, and aversive

After reading section 2.2, please respond to the following questions.
1 a&b) What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why?
I liked working with the table that directed me to indicate what was a primary or a secondary reinforcer. It made me use my knowledge of the two terms to put them to use in real situations.
2) What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why?
I disliked the discussion of intrinsic and extrinsic values. I learn that intrinsic means the value that I would put on something. To me, this is strange because I associate the word with “intrinsic motivation.” This means the drive to do something for the greater good and not just to get paid. However, these two terms don’t really seem similar. Intrinsic motivation isn’t a process where one puts a value on motivation. The value is one of merit and selflessness. So to me, it seems odd that they don’t make sense when combining the definitions.
3 a,b&c) What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why?
I will remember the idea of intrinsic values only because it made me think longer than if I had just continued reading the section. I end up remembering the things that I spent longer pondering.
Another thing I will remember is the complexity of the difference of primary and secondary reinforcers. I may just need to “go back to the definition,” but I just can’t seem to get them out of my mind because I’m constantly trying to think of examples to make them separate in my head.
I will also remember learning what generalized reinforcers were the quickest. I could easily understand that it is something used to obtain a primary reinforcer. I may want to drink a well from the bar, but I’m going to need some money to obtain that reinforcer.
After reading section 2.3, please respond to the following questions.
4 a&b) What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why?
I really liked the whole section for some reason. I prefer reinforcement over punishment, but this section made me think twice. I became more knowing of instances where punishment can be more effective.
5) What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why?
I disliked the idea of disrupting operant behaviors because it doesn’t seem possible. There can’t be zero punishment to a crime because of a distraction. If a guy is robbing a bank and has to run because of something distracting him, is he innocent?
6 a,b&c) What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why?
One thing I will remember is the absurdity I find in saying “positive punishment.” It makes sense when you are defining it as the addition of something aversive, but it’s hard to not feel like I’m using an oxymoron.
I will also remember the concern for ethical issues when it comes to reinforcement. I just can’t understand how students would see it as manipulation (in the bad sense, anyways.) If manipulation didn’t have such a negative connotation, it would probably not cross their minds more than once. Manipulation should be used, especially when it’s used via reinforcements.
Another thing I will remember is the discussion of abrupt punishment. It is explained that police officers have guns and tasers at their disposal in order to get a desirable outcome. It made me think…. What if they had reinforcers at disposal? You never see a cop go up to a teen not entering a bar with a fake I.D. and give him a coupon for $10 off Old Chicago.
7) Now that you have been thinking about behavior modification for the past couple of weeks, we will start a mini behavioral observation project. We are going to start recording how many glasses of water we drink each day. You can just write these down on a piece of paper each day (starting today) and we will use your findings next week in one of these assignments. How much water to you think you drink each day?
I think I drink around 6 glasses of water a day.
8) Once you are done with your post make list of the terms and terminology you used in your post.
Terms: primary reinforcer, secondary reinforcer, reinforcer, reinforcement, punishment, intrinsic, extrinsic, generalized reinforcers, operant behaviors, positive punishment, aversive, desirable

1. In the reinforcement section I liked how you introduced primary and secondary reinforcers into the mix. In intro to psych, I always had trouble distinguishing between the two but it became more clear with the examples. Primary reinforcers serve basically as survival mechanisms, having to go the bathroom. In the context of the reinforcement schedule, a secondary reinforcer can be introduced (running water in the bathroom) that elicits a desirable outcome (going to the bathroom)

2. I didn't dislike anything in the section. I thought it wen't slow enough that I could follow along. I did have trouble coming up with generalized reinforcers that were not money related though.

3. I will remember the difference between primary and secondary reinforcers. Secondary reinforcers are learned. Money as a generalized reinforcer makes perfect sense because you are able to purchase other primary reinforcers with money. Intrinsic vs extrinsic reinforcers make sense in the context that putting cinnamon on my tuna is intrinsically reinforcing to me but may be gross to others.

4. I liked the example you gave for negative reinforcement and how the APA is asking for psychologists to be on hand before an interrogation is done. It's hard to agree with the APA here because it is government business, but I understand wanting to eliminate torture as a means of getting answers. Tough debate to argue over a blog though.

5. I didn't dislike anything in this section but I wanted to comment on B.F. Skinner's take that reinforcement should always be the prime concern. At first I didn't agree with this theory but the more I thought about it the more it made sense. In the case of murder it would logically make sense to punish an individual. However you mentioned changing the antecedent is an effective means of preventing the behavior from happening in the first place. Therefore in the case of murder if the environment was altered in such a way that more police were on patrol or the neighborhood was given a more homely feel, perhaps we could change the behavior.

6. I will remember that waterboarding is a case of extreme negative reinforcement. Removal of something aversive to elicit a response. What also made sense to me was administering a punishment directly after a behavior has occurred. It doesn't make sense to wait. Lastly, I thought it was interesting reading about cultural differences in punishment. Public hangings in the past centuries are a perfect example.

7. I probably drink 3-4 glasses of water per day.

8. primary reinforcer, secondary reinforcer, negative reinforcement, target behavior, response, antecedent, punishment, generalized reinforcer

After reading section 2.2, please respond to the following questions.
1 a&b) What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why? One thing I really enjoyed about this section was how it reflected back from the things we have learned in the previous chapters and tied them in with the new material. It made it much easier to understand the process as a whole.

2) What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why? I thought the whole chapter made complete sense and was very easy to understand, so for that reason I really had nothing that disrupted me while reading or anything I did not like.

3 a,b&c) What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why? The first thing I will remember is that a primary reinforcer does not require pairing other stimuli to function as a reinforcer and plays a role in our survival. The second thing I will remember is that a secondary reinforcer is a stimulus or a situation that has acquired its function as a reinforcer after pairing with a stimulus which functions as a reinforcer. Lastly I will remember that a generalized reinforcer is a conditioned reinforcer that has obtained the reinforcing function by pairing with many other reinforcers.

After reading section 2.3, please respond to the following questions.
4 a&b) What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why? I like that this chapter used examples that I am always interested in learning about. Extreme Negative Reinforcement used the example of torture through water boarding and although it is cruel, I thought it was interesting to think of it as way to get a desired outcome.

5) What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why? Again, there was nothing that I was confused about during the reading or anything that distracted me from understand the information.

6 a,b&c) What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why? First I will remember that for punishment to work, the punisher needs to be intense enough to get their desired outcome. Second, I will remember that for punishment to be effective, in the case that you are going to punish, you need to do so right after the unwanted behavior occurs. Lastly I will remember that to end with a desirable outcome yourself, reinforcement works in most situations than punishment does.

7) I know for sure I drink at least 4 glasses of water a day at minimum.

Terms: reinforcer, primary reinforcer, secondary reinforcer, generalized reinforcer, Extreme Negative Reinforcement, punishment

1 a&b) What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why?
I really liked that the examples used in reinforcement and punishment were examples from the real world. I like them because it makes it easier to notice these behaviors in my everyday life.
2) What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why?
The thing I liked least about this section was coming up with my own examples of reinforcement. I feel like I’m still a little confused on identifying these behaviors on my own. Other than that the section was good.
3 a,b&c) What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why?
I will remember that primary reinforcers are the ones that serve our basic needs, and that they are unconditioned stimuli. I will also remember that a secondary reinforcer is paired with other stimuli to function as a reinforcer and it is a conditioned reinforcer. I will also remember that primary reinforcers elicit an unconditioned response, while a secondary reinforcer will elicit a conditioned response.
4 a&b) What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why?
I really liked how the ethical issue of using reinforcement as a way to manipulate behavior was brought up. I liked this because it made me think about it more and ask myself my own thoughts on it. I think that reinforcement is way better than using punishment because you will change the behavior to be good, not become worse.
5) What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why?
I did not like coming up with my own examples of negative punishment. I feel like I am still confused on positive and negative punishment examples. It is hard for me to come up with these examples on my own from the real world. I do like that there are examples in the section already, but I still have a hard time coming up with my own.
6 a,b&c) What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why?
I will remember that punishment is not necessarily a bad thing, because there are two different types: negative and positive. I will also remember that we need to make sure it is ethical whether we use reinforcement or punishment. Lastly I will remember that punishment is most likely used in our legal system to change behavior.
7) Now that you have been thinking about behavior modification for the past couple of weeks, we will start a mini behavioral observation project. We are going to start recording how many glasses of water we drink each day. You can just write these down on a piece of paper each day (starting today) and we will use your findings next week in one of these assignments. How much water do you think you drink each day?
I think that I drink 1 to 2 cups of water a day.
8) terminology: reinforcement, punishment, primary reinforcers, unconditioned stimuli, secondary reinforcer, conditioned response, unconditioned response, positive, negative

1.a.b.)I really like the examples such as money is a generalized secondary reinforcer. We all use money so this made the new term very relatable and easy to understand. Another example I liked was that a piece of chewing gum has limited value. This again is something I use so I understood. I appreciate the attempts of trying to keep things as simple as possible as we add more difficult concepts.
2.)I disliked how the section briefly brought up Maslow's Hierachy of Needs and then did not go into much detail about it. I felt that could have been more thoroughly explained.
3. a.b.c.) I will remember the difference between intrinsic and extrinsic. Intrinsic is the value I place on something. Extrinsic is the value others place on something. I will remember this because I feel that it is very important to be aware that every person is different and what we prioritize and find important can impact everything we do. I will also remember that a response that is emitted due to a natural reflex in an unconditioned response until it is learned, then it becomes a conditioned response. I will remember this because I see it happen in my everyday life. I will also remember our main primary reinforcers are food, water, and sex. This just makes sense. Those are things I want.
4.a.b.) I really enjoyed the part about the U.S. military using water boarding as a form of extreme negative reinforcement. I like this because it helped to explain the concept and I had never heard anything about this. I found it interesting but i was horrified at the same time.
5.) I did not like how long this section was. I felt that is was redundant. I get it, it was about punishment.
6.a.b.c.) I will remember that in order for punishment to work it needs to be severe enough. I will remember punishment needs to stay consistent. I will remember punishment needs to happen immediately.
7.) I probably drink 4 glasses of water a day.
generalized secondary reinforcer, limited value, intrinsic, extrinsic, emitted, unconditioned response, conditioned response, punishment

Section 2.2: Reinforcement

1 a&b) What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why?
I really enjoyed learning the differences for intrinsic and extrinsic values placed on reinforcers because, depending on whether something has a high or low value for either or these categories can have a lot of influence on whether or not the behavior can be reinforced using that reinforcer. For example, a person might not intrinsically value being on time, so they are often late (or, it may not be extrinsically valued by the culture, such as in many eastern countries).

2) What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why?
I did not like the examples associated with discerning primary reinforcers and secondary reinforcers. This is because there are instances in which the context of the reinforcement can determine whether it is a primary reinforcer or a secondary reinforcer. For instance, verbal praise could act as either, depending on whether it is has a high intrinsic value for the person. Some people suffering from certain mental disorders actually find praise or other social operations to not be reinforcing in any manner.

3 a,b&c) What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why?

a. Limited vs. Broad value. I'll remember the difference between these concepts because objects with a limited value are only good in certain contexts, whereas those with a broad value are useful in more contexts that the one in which it was initially used. I think I'll remember them because reinforcers that have broad values are more appealing when thinking about what to use as a reinforcer when contemplating a method of reinforcement (I believe that's why my parents gave us weekly allowances to do chores, rather than a toy, etc.)

b. Primary reinforcers. I'll remember this because they are the basis of our survival and are often biological or natural occurrences that cause us to act, therefore unconditioned. An example would be that when your belly growls, your are likely to elicit a behavior as soon as possible that will allow you to emit an eating behavior--like stopping in between classes to buy a snack and devouring it as soon as possible.

c. Secondary reinforcers. I understand the basic concept of secondary reinforcers, which is that the behavior is conditioned using a stimulus and are then associated with a primary reinforcer. However, I think that I'm going to have a little trouble coming up with examples in the future and hope to talk in more detail about it in class.


Section 2.3: Punishment

4 a&b) What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why?
I enjoyed learning about ways (and coming up with examples) of modifying behavior without the use of punishment. I especially liked the example involving the beer stealing, in that instead of punishing your roommate and risking the sanity of your living arrangement, approaching the subject of beer stealing and coming up with a way to reinforce desirable behavior would be a much more effective way of decreasing beer stealing behavior without bad feelings from either party.

5) What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why?
The thing that I disliked the most about the reading was learning that the U.S. government has been using water-boarding techniques as a form of torture in order to elicit information from prisoners of war. I think that punishment should only be used as a last resort, and that this form of positive punishment (adding something aversive) should not be allowed to be used. I agree with the APA stepping in and demanding that psychologists be used in the process of coercing information from these prisoners. They are more qualified to use behavior modification techniques that will not harm the individuals physically or psychologically.

6 a,b&c) What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why?

a. Disruptive techniques vs. punishment. I will remember this because I wholly agree with the concept. I find that if you disrupt a behavior by calling attention to it, the behavior is more likely to decrease then if you punish the behavior, which could lead to hard feelings on the part of the punished person and lead to an increased frequency of the behavior in order to irritate you (teenagers are great at this method of reverse-punishment). Punishment could also lead to a more serious behavior in order to escape said punishment (running away from home, killing the person who punishes you, etc.)

b. Using abrupt and intense or consistent punishment techniques in instances in which punishment must be used. The parking ticket was a good example because I often find myself parking in unauthorized parking areas because I know that the chance of getting a parking ticket is extremely slim (in that area) and that the punishment will not be very consistent, if it is administered. This is because the frequency of the punishment is not as consistent as it should be in order to actually be a punishment that decreases my behavior.

c. The intensity of punishment should be based on the severity of offense, and should not be generalized to a behavioral class. I kind of derived this from the reading on my own, but I believe it's true. An example would be that parent should not spank a child every time they do something wrong. Spanking should be used only in extreme offenses in which punishment is needed to immediately stop a behavior from occurring or reoccurring. And again, reinforcement should be used instead, whenever possible.

7) Now that you have been thinking about behavior modification for the past couple of weeks, we will start a mini behavioral observation project. We are going to start recording how many glasses of water we drink each day. You can just write these down on a piece of paper each day (starting today) and we will use your findings next week in one of these assignments. How much water to you think you drink each day?
Roughly 6 to 7 glasses per day.

8) Punishment, reinforce/er/ment, emit, elicit, behavioral class, abrupt and intense or consistent punishment, disruptive behavior techniques, intrinsic/extrinsic values, limited/broad values, positive punishment, context, primary/secondary reinforcers, desirable, aversive, intensity of punishment, frequency of punishment

1. What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why?
I really liked learning more about positive and negative reinforcement because I never really fully understood the differences or even that this concept existed before this class. This section really explained the term reinforcement and the sub categories in a manner where I am now able to fully grasp.
2. What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why?
I found it hard to come up with my own examples because this section didn’t allow me to have a creative mind in coming up with my own since they already gave examples that would be the most commonly used I feel. Maslow’s hierarchy was a bit repetitive as I have learned about this in just about every single psychology class, but I know it is important to understanding many concepts. But, besides that I really enjoyed this section as well!
3. What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why?
I will remember that there are positive and negative reinforcements, which is something I didn’t previous know. I will also remember that secondary rein forcers are conditioned, and that primary rein forcers are unconditioned. The last thing I will remember from this section is the difference between extrinsic and intrinsic. Extrinsic is the value the others give and intrinsic is the value the person gives.
4. What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why?
I really liked that the term of punishment was further explained by examples and a deeper definition. I feel like I now understand to the full extent of what punishment is. I liked that it gave good examples and it explained why punishment should be used rarely in comparison to reinforcement.
5. What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why?
There wasn’t anything in this section that I didn’t like. I really enjoyed learning about punishment as it is something that some people go left on. Knowing the details and definition of a certain term is always important in understanding the concept.
6. What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why?
The main thing I will take from this section is that disrupting operant behavior is more effective than punishment and it establishes the same target behavior just without the harsh consequences. The other things I will remember is that reinforcement is an easier and more effective way to change a target behavior. There are so many guidelines involved with dealing with punishments. The third thing I will remember is if punishment is being used, it needs to take place immediately after the undesired behavior for punishment to accomplish anything.
7. 4-6 Glasses per day
8. Punishment, Reinforcement, Disrupting Operant Behavior, Maslow’s Hierarchy, Positive Reinforcement, Negative Reinforcement, Primary Rein forcers, Secondary rein forcers, Intrinsic, Extrinsic.

A.S

2.2
1) I enjoyed brainstorming the numerous different examples throughout this section. I found it more challenging to create negative reinforcements than positive reinforcements. When writing examples of secondary reinforcer, I noticed all three of my examples involved a sound of some sorts. I found that interesting seeing as we read about Pavlov’s dog being conditioned with the sound of the bell. My personal life examples of secondary reinforcer all involved my cat. My favorite second reinforcer related to a dog was when a baby is placed in the highchair, the dog is conditioned to believe that scrap food will be thrown on the ground. A good example of a generalized reinforcer I identified was arcade tickets, the benefit is that they allow you to select prizes but the drawback is that the prizes require a great deal of tickets.

2) Once again I disliked how long this section was. I feel I would have been more enthusiastic about reading Intrinsic v Extrinsic Value and Limited versus Broad Value if they were in a different section of the book. I began to feel burnt out scrolling through 15 pages.

3) First, I will remember that primary reinforcer are unconditioned reinforcer because of Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs. Primary refers to our most important needs: food, sex, water, air and safety

Second, I will remember that intrinsic is the value placed the individual because they both start with the letter “I”. Likewise, that extrinsic is the value placed by others because it is similar to external, which I can relate to society. Additionally, just because something is valued by society does not mean it is valued by the individual.

Thirdly, I will remember that limited values are considered to have expiration dates, apply under specific contexts, and/or “wear off”. Generalized secondary reinforcer are good examples of having limited values like gift cards, or even gasoline.

2.3
4) I really enjoyed the discussion boxes in this section. While there were a few listing of examples like we have previously done, I was pleasantly surprised to have more open-ended questions. Especially because I feel that punishment is a controversial issues. Through this section, I realized I more so favored punishment, but used so appropriately in addition to disruption of behavior. I think punishment is acceptable when it is used simplistically, especially with children. If a child is eliciting averse behavior and not responding to disruption of behavior, I will enforce negative punishment by either removing the stimulus or the child from the situation.

Another discussion I found stimulating, was naming behaviors we punish and how to change to antecedent. I feel it is a good technique for preventing averse behaviors, but it makes me wonder (especially with children) if this technique hinders the ability to learn responsibility and consequence. To prevent a child from pouring (not spilling) his drink on the floor, he is given a spill-proof cup. How will this teach the child to not intentionally pour it out if he can shake, toss, and drop his drink without any consequences? The example in the book about removing all the rocks was absurd. I feel by altering the antecedent to prevent discomfort could be more harmful in the grand scheme of human development.

When asked if we could have a successful society without punishment, I said no. Recent trends in parenting, which would favor B.F. Skinner's ideals, known as helicopter parents, have been a growing hot topic. While this was originally about my generation, I feel as though the results are getting worse. From my experiences, I believe that the increase of irresponsibility, inconsideration, and laziness (aka assholes) could be correlated to the lack of appropriate punishment.

5) I know I have previously stated that I dislike how long the sections are becoming, but I was enthralled by this section. Ironically, I felt the section ended providing an alternative promotion of an ideal outcome instead of a realistic. I am a big advocate of the disruption of behavior technique however, reading the final paragraph I instantly thought of all the strong willed children I have encountered (i.e. my niece, the 4 yr old witch). After telling the child to leave the room, what if the child refuses? What if the child leaves but continues to elicit the averse behavior in another room? I would have liked the section to provide how to response to such difficulties, even when consistently enforced.

6) First, immediacy is an essential step for a successful punishment. The consequence needs to happen right after the behavior occurs. The more time that passes, the less effective the punishment will be. I will remember this by thinking of my cat. I currently use the misting technique as a punisher. While she is now conditioned to stop the averse behavior just from hearing the bottle “swish”, it has not stopped her from attempting the averse behavior.

Second, frequency is an essential for a successful punishment. To ensure the target behavior has decreased, the punishment must be consistent. Again I can relate this to my attempts at behavior modification towards my cat. I have been working on training her not to bite but people will come over and rough play with her, allowing her to bite their hands. I feel this increases the likelihood of the target behavior which I have worked to decrease.

Thirdly, it is important to be aware of the cultural differences affiliated with punishment. While some may have concern that capital punishment is inappropriate due to the recent developments of wrongful convictions, other countries and societies may view our system as too lenient. It reminds me of book I read by Amy Chua titled Battle Hymn of the Tiger Mother, about her overly strict Chinese mother. This sets the stage for great examples as to how different cultures and societies have different expectations and punishments.

7) I know for a fact that I do not drink nearly enough water! If I have my Camelbak, I’d say I drink roughly 4-5 bottles. However, majority of the time I forget my water bottle, on those days I’d say I drink about 1-2 glasses.

8) negative reinforcement, positive reinforcement, second reinforcement, Pavlov, conditioned, generalized reinforcement, intrinsic value, extrinsic value, limited value, broad value, primary reinforcement, unconditioned reinforcement, Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs, generalized secondary reinforcer, punishment, disruption of behavior, eliciting, averse, behavior, negative punishment, stimulus, antecedent, consequence, B.F. Skinner, consistently, immediacy, misting technique, punisher, frequency, target behavior, behavior modification, cultural differences, capital punishment.

1 a&b) What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why?
I feel as though this section was written very thoroughly. After reviewing this section, I feel that I am better understanding the contents that we have previously been discussing. I also enjoyed being able to review Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs.
2) What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why?
I am still a little confused about primary and secondary reinforcers and how they relate to conditioned and unconditioned responses. I disliked the part about these topics because I wish they had gone into more detail.
3 a,b&c) What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why?
a) I will remember Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs. I have gone through this in previous classes and this helped me to understand a little what a primary reinforcer was.
b) I will remember the difference between positive and negative reinforcement because such a clear and complete definition was given for both.
c) I will also remember classical conditioning. We have touched on this topic in previous sections and I feel that it is a fairly important topic and it has to do with Pavlov.
After reading section 2.3, please respond to the following questions.
4 a&b) What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why?
In this section, I enjoyed all the different examples of the different types of punishment. It made punishment much easier to understand. I also enjoyed the argument that waterboarding could be either a punishment or a type of negative reinforcement. It was interesting to see how the different arguments stacked up.
5) What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why?
This section was well written and informative in a clear cut way. I cannot actually pick out anything that I disliked throughout the section.
6 a,b&c) What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why?
a) I will remember that extreme negative reinforcement can actually be considered a form of torture. The example of this was waterboarding, and I found this to be interesting to think about.
b) I will remember that punishment is used in our legal system. The most sever of the legal punishments in our society is the death penalty.
c) I will also remember that a person should make sure that they remain ethical when using both reinforcement and punishment. This is good to keep in mind when trying to modify others behaviors.

7) Now that you have been thinking about behavior modification for the past couple of weeks, we will start a mini behavioral observation project. We are going to start recording how many glasses of water we drink each day. You can just write these down on a piece of paper each day (starting today) and we will use your findings next week in one of these assignments. How much water to you think you drink each day?
I already know that I do not drink enough water every day. I figure that I probably drink only two glasses of water a day.
8) Once you are done with your post make list of the terms and terminology you used in your post.
Terms used: Maslow’s Hierarchy, primary reinforcers, secondary reinforcers, conditioned responses, unconditioned responses, positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, classical conditioning, punishment, reinforcement, negative reinforcement

1)I liked reading the sections over positive and negative reinforcement. it helped clarify the difference between the two.
2) I did not like the section over generalized reinforcers as well as generalized secondary reinforcers. I just confused me a bit.
3) What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why?
-I will remember the overview of positive and negative reinforcement because I get confused with it but i think i got it now. generalized reinforcers i think that i got the idea now on this as well. The last thing I will remember is the secondary reinforcer. Like when a dog gets rewarded with treats but then knows they will be rewarded when they hear the bag being opened.
4) I like how it talks more about what negative and positive punishment is. i can understand difference between the two and reinforcement.
5) i think that i really liked everything in this section
6)i will remember that extreme negative reinforcement can actually be considered a form of torture. The intensity punishment and immediacy of punishment since those seems simple enough to understand. also the cultural differences of punishment.
7) not very much water here

1 a&b) What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why?

I liked hearing the story of Pavlov’s experiment with unconditioned and conditioned stimuli. I had heard the story awhile back in high school and it was nice to get a refresher on exactly what he was working with. It is cool to see how he thought through how the mind works and how you can condition dogs (and other organisms) to do behave a certain way.

2) What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why?

I started to get a little lost when around the part about primary and secondary reinforcers. I understand now that secondary reinforcers need the primary reinforcer to be effective.

3 a,b&c) What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why?

I will remember that currency is an excellent reinforcer, because it allows the individual to choose its primary reinforcement.
I will remember that Pavlov worked with dogs and connected unconditioned and conditioned stimuli.
I will remember that money is a good generalized reinforcer.
I like the connection that the writer of the book makes to make the connection with the terms. It helps me understand better. When he was talking, for example, about examples of primary and secondary reinforcers it made things clearer.

After reading section 2.3, please respond to the following questions.

4 a&b) What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why?

I liked seeing the different examples or positive and negative reinforcement. After reading through this, I have realized my parents had a good balance of both. I was a good kid and they were always praising me. However, there were instances where a bad behavior needed to end right then and there. With that, the punishments came.

5) What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why?

I didn’t dislike anything about the writing, but I disagree with the “reinforcement free will” issue. I don’t think free will is being taken away with more reinforcement in the world. I think that people will be much happier that way. If you had to choose between being praised for good or being screamed at for bad, you would probably choose the praise.

6 a,b&c) What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why?

I will remember that more people have a problem with reinforcement than expected.
I will remember that the US Government is actually watched and regulated when “messing” with behavior techniques.
I will remember that it depends on a lot of different things such as context to know how sever to punish an individual.

These things stuck out to me because the examples are becoming more relevant to our life.

7) Now that you have been thinking about behavior modification for the past couple of weeks, we will start a mini behavioral observation project. We are going to start recording how many glasses of water we drink each day. You can just write these down on a piece of paper each day (starting today) and we will use your findings next week in one of these assignments. How much water to you think you drink each day?

I drink a lot of water. I would say I drink 12 glasses of water a day.

8) Once you are done with your post make list of the terms and terminology you used in your post.

Terms: Unconditioned Stimulus, Conditioned Stimulus, Primary Reinforcer, Secondary Reinforcer, Generalized Reinforcer, Positive Reinforcement, Negative Reinforcement, Punishment

1 a&b) What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why? I liked that everything was defined well and had an example to go along with it. It helped me visualize what the words mean.
2) What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why? There wasn’t really anything in this section that I did not like. I felt it was very informative and I appreciate that.

3 a,b&c) What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why? I will remember that with positive reinforcement we are introducing a desirable stimulus, and negative reinforcement is the removal of an aversive stimulus. I will also remember that when it comes to reinforcers context matters. I will also remember that reinforcers can have both intrinsic and extrinsic values as well as have broad and limited value.
After reading section 2.3, please respond to the following questions.
4 a&b) What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why? I liked that the beginning of this section was reviewing terms that we have already discussed. It helps in the recollection of the material that we already discussed.
5) What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why?I got slightly confused about all the different levels of punishment.
6 a,b&c) What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why? I will remember positive punishment is the introduction of something aversive and negative punishment is the removal of something desirable. I will also remember that regardless of the type of punishment used it needs to be ethical. I will remember that punishment needs to be consistent in order for it to work.
7) Now that you have been thinking about behavior modification for the past couple of weeks, we will start a mini behavioral observation project. We are going to start recording how many glasses of water we drink each day. You can just write these down on a piece of paper each day (starting today) and we will use your findings next week in one of these assignments. How much water to you think you drink each day?
8) Once you are done with your post make list of the terms and terminology you used in your post.
Terms: positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, positive punishment, negative punishment, aversive, intrinsic value, extrinsic, broad and limited value, stimulus.

1 a&b) What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why?
a) One thing I really liked about this section was it was more in depth and I learned new terms such as: primary and secondary reinforcers, generalized reinforcers, and intrinsic and extrinsic values.
b) I already knew most of the material in previous sections, so I enjoyed being challenged by learning new ideas that are based with my previous knowledge.
2) What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why?
a) One thing I disliked about this section was the lack of examples for classical conditioning and didn’t explain much about Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs.
b) I didn’t like the lack of examples because the only example of classical conditioning was Pavlov’s dogs example and a contemporary example along with this would have been helpful too. In addition, I would like more of an explanation on Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs to better understand it.
3 a,b&c) What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why?
a) I will remember that primary reinforcers are biologically relevant and are needed for survival.
a. I will remember this because it is the number one thing we need on the hierarchy of needs.
b) I will remember that a secondary reinforcer is learned from pairing it with another stimuli.
a. I will remember this because it is learned and it is not biologically relevant.

c) I will remember the differences between intrinsic and extrinsic.
a. I will remember these differences because the value of an item may differ individually based upon an individual’s preference.

After reading section 2.3, please respond to the following questions.
4 a&b) What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why?
a) I really liked this section because it explained the new terminology very well and there were plenty of examples. I liked this because it is easier to understand and apply the information.
5) What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why?
a) I dislike the confusion between extinction and punishment. I dislike this because they are easy to mix up since there is a lot of terminology to remember.
6 a,b&c) What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why?
a) I will remember extinction burst.
a. I will remember extinction burst because in class you gave many examples. I will also remember this because the behavior occurs even more when the person tries to get reinforcement and could lead to aggression.
b) I will also remember variability because it is associated with extinction.
a. I will remember variability because is order to try to obtain reinforcement that person may emit other behaviors to get the reinforcement.
c) I will also remember spontaneous recovery.
a. I will remember spontaneous recovery because the emitted behavior can return after being extinguished.
7) Now that you have been thinking about behavior modification for the past couple of weeks, we will start a mini behavioral observation project. We are going to start recording how many glasses of water we drink each day. You can just write these down on a piece of paper each day (starting today) and we will use your findings next week in one of these assignments. How much water to you think you drink each day? I am a fitness instructor so it is essential for me to drink a lot of water to keep hydrated. I drink approximately 128 oz (16 cups) of water per day. I know this because I fill up my 32 oz Camelback water bottle at least 4 times a day.
8) Once you are done with your post make list of the terms and terminology you used in your post.
d) Terminology: behavior, primary and secondary reinforcers, generalized reinforcers, and intrinsic and extrinsic values, Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs, classical conditioning, Pavlov, extinction, punishment, variability, extinction burst, spontaneous recovery, emit, extinguished


1 a&b) What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why?

a.One thing I really liked about this section was it was more in depth and I learned new terms such as: primary and secondary reinforcers, generalized reinforcers, and intrinsic and extrinsic values.


b) I already knew most of the material in previous sections, so I enjoyed being challenged by learning new ideas that are based with my previous knowledge.

2) What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why?

a) One thing I disliked about this section was the lack of examples for classical conditioning and didn’t explain much about Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs.

b) I didn’t like the lack of examples because the only example of classical conditioning was Pavlov’s dogs example and a contemporary example along with this would have been helpful too. In addition, I would like more of an explanation on Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs to better understand it.

3 a,b&c) What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why?

a.I will remember that primary reinforcers are biologically relevant and are needed for survival.


a.I will remember this because it is the number one thing we need on the hierarchy of needs.


b.I will remember that a secondary reinforcer is learned from pairing it with another stimuli.


a.I will remember this because it is learned and it is not biologically relevant.


c.I will remember the differences between intrinsic and extrinsic.


a.I will remember these differences because the value of an item may differ individually based upon an individual’s preference.


After reading section 2.3, please respond to the following questions.

4 a&b) What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why?

a) I really liked this section because it explained the new terminology very well and there were plenty of examples. I liked this because it is easier to understand and apply the information.

5) What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why?

a) I didn’t like the order this section was set up. I didn’t like it because I think some of the paragraphs should have gone before others.

6 a,b&c) What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why?

a.I will remember you should use positive reinforcement and extinction before punishment.


a.I will remember this because positive reinforcement and extinction are more likely to elicit the target behavior desired. However, if these 2 procedures fail to change before then punishment should be used.


b.I will remember that sometimes the abruptness of punishment. Sometimes the punishment needs to be aversive enough to stop and there is certain ways to deal with different situations.


a.I will remember this because I babysit a 10 year old boy with ADHD and ODD and he has emitted aversive behaviors such as throwing things. I actually deal with this type of before, so learning behavior modification techniques is VERY helpful.


c.I will also remember positive punishment adds an aversive stimulus and negative punishment takes away a desirable stimulus.

a.

b.I will remember this because I often have to apply these procedures when I babysit.


7) Now that you have been thinking about behavior modification for the past couple of weeks, we will start a mini behavioral observation project. We are going to start recording how many glasses of water we drink each day. You can just write these down on a piece of paper each day (starting today) and we will use your findings next week in one of these assignments. How much water to you think you drink each day? I am a fitness instructor so it is essential for me to drink a lot of water to keep hydrated. I drink approximately 128 oz (16 cups) of water per day. I know this because I fill up my 32 oz Camelback water bottle at least 4 times a day.

8) Once you are done with your post make list of the terms and terminology you used in your post.
a.Terminology: behavior, primary and secondary reinforcers, generalized reinforcers, and intrinsic and extrinsic values, Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs, classical conditioning, Pavlov, positive reinforcement, punishment, negative punishment, positive punishment, aversive, emit

Section 2.2
1.I really liked that this section was a good review and that it used good examples for the new material covered. I liked the review of reinforcement and that the section then broke it down into positive and negative reinforcement as well for review. I also liked the examples used in this section which made some of the more complex terms more understandable. I liked the use of examples for primary, secondary and generalized reinforcer, although it was a bit confusing.

2.The part that I liked the least in this section was not being able to come up with more generalized reinforcer. The examples helped a lot when it came to understanding the different reinforcers, however after those examples I had a hard time thinking up new ones which then made me slightly confused as to what each of them is.

3.The first part of this section that I will remember is the section discussing conditioned versus unconditioned stimulus. I think that the examples and the definitions used were really good and easy to understand. I like how Pavlov’s experiment and findings were not only the example used because I feel like when more examples are used then it is easier to understand. The second part of this section that I will remember is the difference between intrinsic and extrinsic. This was review for me from past classes when we discussed conditioning however it was good review. I liked how each type was broken down and given really good examples. I enjoyed how the reading broke intrinsic down as being individualistic and that extrinsic is very societal. The third thing that I will remember from this reading is the different types of reinforcers. The first type being primary reinforcer which are more biological and unconditioned. The second type being secondary reinforcers which are conditioned. Although I will remember each of these types I think further review in class would be advantageous for me.

Section 2.3
4.In this section of reading I enjoyed how the different aspects of punishment were broken down. I liked how this reading sections explained the best way to use punishment by using several different tactics such as frequency, immediacy, intensity, and abruptness. I think the breakdown of punishment in this section gives me a better understanding of the topic and how to better use it as a form of conditioning.

5.There was not anything that I did not like in this section. I thought this section was well written and interesting to read about. I enjoyed reading about this topic.

6.The first thing that I will remember from this reading is that using operant conditioning and reinforcement and punishment in specific has to be ethical. Manipulating and changing people’s behaviors can be construed as unethical if not done right. People abuse this power and take advantage of others rather than trying to help them. Reinforcement and punishment should be used for good and not evil. The second thing that I will remember from this section is that punishment needs to have a certain abruptness and intensity in order to decrease or completely stop the target behavior. If a punishment is not harsh enough or aversive enough then the behavior will continue to occur. Therefore, a punishment should be aversive enough to cause a negative consequence in order to decrease or stop the behavior. The reading discusses how changing the environment or the antecedent can be a good punisher and I thought that was interesting. The last thing that I will remember from this section is that punishment does not transcend cultures. Each culture has their own forms of punishment which in other cultures may not be considered as punishment or can be considered as too harsh of punishment. Culture is something that needs to be taken into consideration before trying to alter someone’s behavior.

7.I have an 18 oz. water bottle and I drink roughly 2-3 water bottles a day.

TERMS: positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, generalized reinforcer, conditioned stimulus, unconditioned stimulus, Pavlov, intrinsic motivation, extrinsic motivation, primary reinforcer, secondary reinforcer, punishment, operant conditioning, reinforcement, target behavior, aversive, antecedent, consequence

1. What was one thing you really liked about this section? Why?
My favorite part of this section was the way positive and negative reinforcement were broken down. Positive reinforcement is something that is desirable, with the goal increasing. Giving praise by saying you did a good job is a good way to show positive reinforcement. Negative reinforcement is the removal of an unwanted stimulus something that is undesirable.

2. What was one thing you disliked that was in this section? Why?
The one thing I disliked about this section was the section about Classical conditioning. It's not that you did a poor job of explaining what classical conditioning is I just have always struggled to understand the term.

3. What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why?
The first thing I will remember is Pavlovs classical conditioning. The second thing I will remember is Maslows Hiearchy of needs. The last thing I will remember is what a generalized reinforce is. A generalized reinforcer is when you reinforce a function by pairing with many other reinforcers.

Section 2.3

4. What was on thing you liked about this section? Why? My favorite part about this section was how you mentioned what people think behavior modification is. If a person doesn't know what behavior modification is a lot of the time they're quick to assume that behaviors are making people do things that they wouldn't normally do.

5. What was on thing you disliked about this section? why?
The part I disliked about this section was the example that was given about the US government, I didn't really follow it.

6. What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section?
The first thing I will remember from this section is what abruptness of punishment is. Abruptness of punishment is sometimes in order to see any change you have to completely stop the behavior. The second thing I learned is that in order for punishment to be affective it needs to be intense enough to stop the problem from reoccurring. The last thing I will remember from this section is for punishment to be effective it needs to be administered right away.

7. How much water do you think you drink each day? I drink between 5-8 classes of water each day.

8. Terms used: positive and negative reinforcement, desirable, undesirable, classical conditioning, generalized reinforcer, abruptness of punishment.

Reading Activity Week #5
Section 2.2
1.) What was one thing that you really liked that was in this section? Why?
I really liked how Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs was included in this section. I am familiar with this because it was included in a training where I work. One point that was made in my training, which was not included in the book is the important of needing to develop these in order. You cannot go from the physiological needs step all the way up to self-actualization in one jump. Each step in the hierarchy helps you learn more about yourself and your environment.
2.) What was one thing you disliked (or liked least) that was in this section? Why?
In the section discussing generalized reinforcers, I disliked how there was not many examples besides ones in relation to money. It then asked for us to think of three other generalized reinforcers. I guess I just couldn’t grasp on to what a generalized reinforcer is because all I could think of was money.
3.) What are three things you will remember from what you read in this section? Why?
a.) I will remember that B.F. Skinner was associated with operant conditioning and Pavlov was associated with classical conditioning. There is a difference.
b.) I will remember reinforcers can have intrinsic value and extrinsic value. It’s important to know what is valuable to the person you want to reinforce. So the reinforcer is more reinforcing to that individual and the likelihood of their target behavior may increase.
c.) I will remember that reinforcers have limited value or broad value. It’s important to realize what is reinforcing for an individual right now, may not be reinforcing later. Or that the period of time the reinforcer lasts is not long enough for the individual to want to continue the target behavior.

Section 2.3
4.) What was one thing that you really liked that was in this section? Why?
Overall, I really enjoyed reading this section. At first we were just talking about the basics and in my head I’m coming up with all these “what if” situations. I’m glad we are starting to discuss the importance of consistency and frequency. I have experience working with youth from babies up to teenagers, I know for a fact their actions and reactions are not always black and white. I liked the section in 2.3 where you discussed you can also modify the antecedent (environment) to extinguish the behavior. At Bremwood, when kids are showing extreme distress and self-harming behaviors, we place them into a safety room where they no longer have access to objects or people they can commit harmful actions upon.
5.) What was one thing you disliked (or liked least) that was in this section? Why?
I wish there was more information about other culture’s punishment. As a criminology minor, that is always been an interest of mine to discover and understand, and possibly learn from, other cultures way of dealing with punishment.
6.) What are three things you will remember from what you read in this section? Why?
a.) I will remember that American Psychological Association has policies regarding the use of torture. They do not allow APA member Psychologists to use interrogation techniques which can be considered cruel and unusual.
b.) I will remember that is important for punishment to remain consistent. Someday I will become a parent and if I do not follow through with distributing some sort of punisher to my child’s target behavior, I will no longer find success. If I do not allow them to jump on the couch on Tuesday, I should also not allow them to jump on the couch on Wednesday. Both times they must go sit at the kitchen table by themselves for five minutes. Consistency is key.
c.) I will remember that by disrupting the operant behavior you can decrease the target behavior, instead of using punishment. If you are like B.F. Skinner and do not necessarily favor punishment, disrupting the operant behavior can be just as effective.
7.) How many glasses of water do you think you drink each day?
I generally fill my water bottle up twice in one day (32oz). I’d like to think I drink about 64oz a day. So eight 8oz glasses of water a day.
8.) Terminology: Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs, generalized reinforcers, operant conditioning, classical conditioning, intrinsic value, extrinsic value, reinforcer, reinforcing, target behavior, limited value, broad value, antecedent, behavior, consistency, frequency, punisher, disrupting operant behavior.

1 a&b) I enjoyed the section on secondary reinforcement, particularly the example of the cats and the can opener noise right before feeding them. My cat does not respond to his name Ufda, but will come if you say “meow.” When we give him catnip the bag of it makes a noise from being in the fridge. Eventually, even if we are rustling a bag of chips or getting something for ourselves, the cat will come running from his hiding spot to the fridge where his catnip is stored. We didn't intend to condition his response, and now we have to listen to a whining cat whenever we eat chips.
2) The section I was least was on generalized reinforcement. The example was money makes a lot of sense to me. Money has many purposes and can be used by the person being reinforced in their own way they'd like. I just had a difficult time coming up with 3 examples. I thought of maybe sleep, that it was give people energy, help them relax or a drawback is that you could lose time to get something done. Not sure how correct I am on that.
3 a,b&c) An intrinsic value is the personal value you put on something. Extrinsic is the value that others put on something. For example, I drink monster cause it wakes me up, but my family thinks it's horrible for me. Lastly, The context of a reinforcer decides how useful it will be at reinforcing.
4 a&b) I liked the section on disrupting the operant behavior. I personally feel it is very effective compared to punishment. When I babysit for two siblings they like to argue about what they what to do or will whine when they don't get their way. I tell them until they calm down or quit whining we will just sit for a bit. Once they calm down then I will come up with a fair way that they both get what they want. If that doesn't work then maybe I will punish them by ending whatever game we might be playing or make them to some chores their parents had.
5) There really wasn't a part of the section I liked least. I liked it all much the same. Some interesting points were brought up, allowing us to determine how we feel on topics.
6 a,b&c) Positive punishment it the addition of something aversive. Negative punishment it the removal of something desirable. Finally, B.F. Skinner believed that society could function without punishment.
7) I think I drink 2 12 ounce glasses of water a day. On the weekends I drink less because I don't typically eat in the dining center.
Terms: Secondary Reinforcement, Condition, Generalized Reinforcement, Intrinsic, Extrinsic, Context, Operant Behavior, Positive Punishment, Negative Punishment, Aversive, Desirable.

Section 2.2

1) Something I really liked in this sections was the refresher on unconditioned stimuli and conditioned stimuli. I have always had a hard time with those two concepts because I had a real problem with confusing them and mixing them up. I really liked the example that was used with the Pavlov dog experiment. I thought this section did a good job with describing the difference between the two terms.

2) I didn't really agree with sex being one of the primary reinforces because personally I don't think you need it to survive. I would agree more if was something like companionship, or belonging, but for a person to survive I don't think having sex is a major thing. I mean for the species to survive yes, but if someone was on a desert island and they had plenty of food and water and shelter, I think they would get by just fine without having sex. Plus there are countless people who have given their lives to the church like nuns, and priests, who have been fine without having sex.

3) Three things I will remember from this section are:
A) Stimuli are known as unconditioned when they don't have to be learned/ happen naturally. A conditioned stimulus is something that has to be learned in order for it to work, like the dog drooling at the sound of a bell in Pavlov's experiment.
B) The difference between intrinsic and extrinsic value. I liked the money examples they used to describe why these two terms were different and I think they made it easier for me to understand. Intrinsic value is the value that one person feels for the object, while extrinsic is how other people feel about the object.
C) What primary reinforcers are. They are generally reinforcers that elicit unconditioned behaviors, and they are things that we usually can't live without like food and water. However, like I mentioned earlier, I don't think sex counts here.

Section 2.3

4) One thing that I liked about this section was reading about Skinner's society without the use of punishment. I thought it was an interesting idea, however what would happen if someone did do something wrong? How would they take care or it without using punishment? I understand that they they would continue to reinforce good works, but I feel like that is very relative. What is good to someone else, might be bad to another person. Then does that person get reinforced for that behavior even if it is aversive to someone else? I thought the idea was good, and I am interested in learning more about it.

5) There was nothing I really disliked about this section. I thought it was all pretty good and interesting to learn about. Some of the drier parts were good refreshers on what some terms were.

6) Three things I will remember from this section are:
A) Punishment has to happen immediately after an undesired behavior. If it takes a long time to punish, than the effectiveness of the punishment could decrease.
B) Ethics are important to consider when dealing with reinforcement or punishment. In punishment for example, if the target behavior was a something minor, like not going to bed on time on night, it would be bad to over punish someone for that, like grounding them for three months. The punishment has to be just enough to stop the undesired behavior from occurring again. Anything too extreme could be dangerous.
C) Disrupting operant behaviors can take the place of punishment. This is stopping the behavior in its tracks so this way its learned that it shouldn't continue. It's not punishing exactly, but I think of it more as conditioning. If someone is talking in class the same time as the teacher, and the teacher always calls on people who are talking the same time she is, then the behavior will stop because the students might not want to get called on. The other students will see and overtime the behavior of people talking in her class will decrease, and the teacher will take volunteers to answer questions rather than calling on people who aren't paying attention.

7) I think I emit the behavior of drinking about 16-20oz of water a day.

8) Terms: conditioned stimulus, unconditioned stimulus, primary reinforcer, intrinsic value, extrinsic value, elicit, punishment, reinforce, aversive, target behavior, operant behavior, emit, conditioning

The font makes it look like 200 ounces, but it is suppose to be 20.

1) In this section, I really liked the way that the concept of Pavlov’s dog and classical conditioning was broken down to show the conditioned and unconditioned stimulus and the conditioned and unconditioned response. I have learned about the dog and classical conditioning before, but I liked the way this was explained because it was very clearer and it was a good refresher that helped me to remember how classical conditioning works.
2) One thing in this section that I did not like was the concept of generalized secondary reinforcers. I did not like this part of the section or making examples of generalized reinforcers because I did not fully understand the concept. Also, I didn’t like it because I had a hard time coming up with examples of reinforcers that were generalized reinforcers. I was confused about whether or not something like a food punch card might work. Does a generalized reinforcer always lead to other reinforcers?
3) One thing I will remember from this section is the idea of classical conditioning. I will remember this because I have learned about it before and I have understood it clearly in the past and the way it was explained in this section was a good refresher that helped me to remember it more clearly for the future. Another thing from this chapter that I will remember is the fact that context matters and context can affect whether or not something (such as money) is reinforced. I will remember this because it was a simple idea that I understood and the examples involving foreign currency helped me to understand how context can matter. I will remember that a location or situation can affect how much a reinforcer works. A third thing from this section that I will remember is the difference between intrinsic and extrinsic value. I will remember that intrinsic value is all about the value that an object has within itself, but extrinsic value involves the value from the outside world or the value that can come as a result of an object or event, rather than the object or event itself. I will remember this because intrinsic is similar to internal, which means inside, and extrinsic is similar to external which involves something that comes from outside rather than inside.
2.3
4) In this section, I liked the concept of changing antecedents to reduce future undesirable behaviors. For example, I learned that playgrounds sometimes have rubber-grounds instead of wood chips or pebbles, because then children will not emit the behaviors of throwing rocks or wood chips. I liked this concept because I have never put much thought into it and it made sense to me as soon as I read it. I understood easily that antecedents can reduce undesirable behaviors.
5) In this section, I did not like providing examples of positive and negative punishment. I did not like this, because I had already done it in previous chapters and it seemed monotonous, but I know that it was a good refresher and good practice for me.
6) One thing I will remember from this chapter is the definition of positive punishment, which is when an aversive consequence occurs in order to decrease the frequency of a certain behavior. Another thing I will remember is the definition of negative punishment, which is the removal of a something desirable in order to decrease a certain behavior (the target behavior) from occurring in the future. I will remember these two things because I have learned them in the past, and providing new examples of these forms of punishment will help me to remember the concepts more, even though I did not enjoy doing that. A third thing from this section that I will remember is the idea that intensity of a punishment matters. If a punishment is not intense or threatening to a person that might emit a behavior that could be punished, the punishment will probably not impact the person emitting the behavior at all. I will remember this because the examples shown about law enforcement were very helpful for my understanding of this consequence and they will help me to keep this idea of punishment intensity in mind in the future.
7) I think that I drink ten cups of water per day.
Terminology used: positive punishment, negative punishment, stimulus, consequence, antecedents, conditioning, classical conditioning, conditioned response, unconditioned response, reinforcer, aversive, generalized reinforcer, intrinsic value, extrinsic value, external, internal, emit, target behavior.

1 a&b) What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why?
The part I enjoyed the most from this section was the part that went over primary and secondary reinforcers. I had learned about these last year, but it was nice to have a refresher and new examples. Primary reinforcers usually have a biological factor and they are unconditioned, like water, food, or sex. But the part that interested me the most was secondary reinforcers. Secondary reinforcers are learned. They are things that have little to no value until it takes on the value of the unconditioned reinforcer that it is associated with. I liked the example of the ice cream truck playing music. I think it is interesting to think about how just hearing a little tune from a truck elicits the response of people running to get money. The second I hear that little tune my mind goes straight to ice cream. This is because the music has been associated with a pleasing stimulus, ice cream.

2) What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why?
The part I disliked about this section was the part going over generalized reinforcers. I know they are used to acquire other reinforcers, but for some reason I could not wrap my head around it. There was really only examples related to money or coupons, so I was not sure if things could be generalized reinforcers that did not relate to money in some way. I had trouble coming up with my own examples and had to read over that part of the section more than once to comprehend it.

3 a,b&c) What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why?
a.)The first thing I will remember is the difference between an unconditioned stimulus (UCS) and a conditioned stimulus (CS). I will remember this because I have learned it before and the examples provided in this part made it stamp into my brain, in a sense. An unconditioned stimulus is not learned, and the example provided was a dog would smell meat powder and start to drool. This is natural. Next, a bell would ring right before the dog would smell the meat powder. The dog would drool once again. Eventually, the meat powder was removed, but the bell would still ring. Just from hearing the bell, the dog would drool. Since this behavior of drooling when a bell is rung is learned, it is a conditioned stimulus.
b.)I will remember the difference between the terms intrinsic and extrinsic. Intrinsic is the value a person places on something and extrinsic is the value others place on something. I will not forget this because the example of drugs provided helped me to remember and understand. Drugs can have very high intrinsic values but a low extrinsic value. A person who is addicted to drugs has a high intrinsic value on that drug. It is important to them and highly valued. For others who do not do drugs, the drug would have a low intrinsic value.
c.)I will remember that context is important for generalized reinforcers. For example, a person cannot go to Walmart and try to use a Target coupon. The Target coupon can only be used to acquire other reinforcers when it is used in Target.

4 a&b) What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why?
One thing I really liked from this section was the examples about punishment around the world. I had never really stopped and thought about how punishment is handled in places besides the United States. It is scary to think that in other countries, people are publicly punished to teach a lesson to the other citizens. Some people consider laws and punishment in the United States to be too strict, while others see it as too lenient.

5) What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why?
One thing I disliked from this section was the part about extreme negative reinforcement. It gave the example about waterboarding. I understood the term, but I was not sure why it was included in this section. The rest of the section was about punishment, so I thought an example of extreme negative reinforcement would have fit better in section 2.2 that focused solely on reinforcement.

6 a,b&c) What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why?
a.)The first thing I will remember from this section is that immediacy is important when dealing with punishment. Ideally, you should punish right after an unwanted behavior, not days or weeks later. There was a funny example about a beer explosion that will help me remember how immediacy is important with punishment.
b.)The second thing I will remember is that there are different intensities of punishment. The example provided was about a policeman, and this example makes it easy to remember. A policeman has the ability to handcuff, or the ability to pepper spray, tase, or shoot someone. These are varying intensities of punishment that a police officer could emit.
c.)Last, I will remember that punishment should be abrupt enough to stop the operant behavior. Although it is ideal to use reinforcement instead of punishment, sometimes it is just not possible. If a child is throwing rocks at others, you cannot wait for the child to switch behaviors and then reward him for switching. You must take action quickly so children do not get injured. The rock throwing needs to stop quickly, and punishment is much more abrupt than reinforcement.

7) Now that you have been thinking about behavior modification for the past couple of weeks, we will start a mini behavioral observation project. We are going to start recording how many glasses of water we drink each day. You can just write these down on a piece of paper each day (starting today) and we will use your findings next week in one of these assignments. How much water to you think you drink each day?
I do not think I drink much water each day. I am guessing I drink about three 12 oz. glasses of water each day.

8.) Terms: primary reinforce, secondary reinforce, unconditioned reinforce, elicit, pleasing stimulus, generalized reinforce, unconditioned stimulus, conditioned stimulus, intrinsic, extrinsic, context, aversive, extreme negative reinforcement, positive punishment, negative punishment, positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, behavior, emit, operant behavior

Section 2.2
1 a&b) What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why? I really liked exploring the different aspects to reinforcement. I felt like this was just going to be a super repetitive section but it turned out to be very interesting and not redundant at all. It was nice to review what reinforcement is because there are so many terms in behavior modification that it is good to always keep reviewing.

2) What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why?- I disliked that this section was contradictory with was was said in class. In class we talked about how positive reinforcement didn't necessarily need to have a desirable stimulus to be considered positive reinforcement it just needed to have a stimulus added to make it more likely that the target behavior would occur. This contradiction is confusing and I'm not sure which one I should adhere to.

3 a,b&c) What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why?- I will remember that unconditioned behaviors are reflexive in nature and don't need to be learned. If I think about them in this manner I believe they will be easier to learn and remember and separate from conditioned behaviors that are learned. The difference between primary reinforcers and secondary reinforcers are that secondary reinforcers are required to have something to make the primary reinforcer desirable and that if there was no primary reinforcement the secondary reinforcement will not have any affect on the subject. Generalized reinforcer take other reinforcers to the next level by continuing the reinforcement. Like using money as a generalized reinforcer because you can continue to reinforce by using the money which was at one point just a normal secondary reinforcer.

Section 2.3

4 a&b) What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why?- I liked that this section wasn't full of a lot of terms. I liked the background and world life applications of punishment that this section offered. I thought that looking at punishment from a few different viewpoints was very interesting. I really liked the example about how punishment needs to be immediate with the roommate stealing the beer.

5) What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why?- I didn't like the review in the beginning of the section, I felt like it didn't flow with the rest of the section because it was more terms whereas the rest of the section was more like a history lesson.

6 a,b&c) What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why? I will remember that we will always try to use reinforcement before using punishment because the two best tools for behavior modification are positive reinforcement and extinction. I will remember that punishment negatively effects both the person doing the punishment and the person receiving the punishment. Disrupting the behavior is another alternative to using punishment where the undesired behavior that is being emitted is just interrupted and therefore it is stopped, and doesn't have an aversive effect on anyone.

7) How much water to you think you drink each day?- 5 glasses of water

8) Terminology- positive reinforcement, desirable stimulus, target behavior,unconditioned behavior, conditioned behavior, primary reinforcer, secondary reinforcer, generalized reinforcer, punishment, disrupting the behavior, emitted, aversive

1 a&b) What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why?
One thing that I really liked about this section was that it was very easy to understand. The examples were very clear cut and relatable to my own life. When I can relate examples to my own life it is easier for me to remember the material. Love the examples!

2) What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why?
I really can’t say I didn’t dislike anything in this section. I think it was all very informative and easy to read.

3 a,b&c) What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why?
-I will remember that a primary reinforcer is a stimulus that does not require pairing other stimuli to function as a reinforcer. Ex: water, food, air, etc...
-I will remember that a generalized reinforcer is a conditioned reinforcer that has obtained the reinforcing function by pairing with many other reinforcers. Money was a good example they gave in the book. You can acquire other reinforcers very easily with money.
-I will remember that intrinsic value is the value that an individual places on something. Extrinsic value is the value others place on something. These two are totally different things. For example, the book gave drugs as an example. Drugs may have a high intrinsic value to somebody, while to us it may have a low intrinsic level.

4 a&b) What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why?
One thing that I really liked in this section was the example given under “Immediacy of Punishment.” I got a good laugh out of the example with the roommate and the beer. I would have never thought of something so clever like shaking up the beer bottle! This will really help me remember punishment.

5) What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why?
One thing that I disliked about this section was the amount of examples we had to list. I just think it would have been more effective for me to just read the section without filling in the blanks.

6 a,b&c) What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why?
- I will remember is the cultural differences of punishment. Every country deals with punishment in a different manner. In some countries they beat you in front of the members of the society if you do an undesirable behavior. That was an interesting fact that I did not know!
-I will remember that it is very important to make sure the reinforcement/punishment you are using is ethical.
-I will remember that positive punishment involves the introduction or addition of an aversive stimulus, contingent upon emitting an undesirable behavior. The goal is to decrease the frequency of such a response. An example would be if you were going over the speed limit and you got a $100 ticket from the police (which you must pay!)

7) Now that you have been thinking about behavior modification for the past couple of weeks, we will start a mini behavioral observation project. We are going to start recording how many glasses of water we drink each day. You can just write these down on a piece of paper each day (starting today) and we will use your findings next week in one of these assignments. How much water to you think you drink each day?
I think I drink about 4 cups of water each day. (Not nearly enough!)

8) Once you are done with your post make list of the terms and terminology you used in your post.
Positive punishment, reinforcer, emit, elicit, aversive stimulus, intrinsic value, extrinsic value, generalized reinforcer, conditioned reinforcer, stimuli, primary reinforcer, punishment, unconditioned stimuli.

1) One thing I liked about this section was the information on the secondary reinforcers. I think I liked it so much because it made me think of all the animals I’ve lived with and how they just know somethings about to happen or they’re about to get what they want when they hear/see/smell certain things. As soon as I head towards the stairs my cats rush towards them, racing to the top into the bathroom in hopes I’m going into the bathroom and will turn the water on. As soon as my daughter hears me open my makeup container she is right there, ready to sneak into it hoping I will put lipstick on her.
2) One thing I did not like so much about this section would be the information on generalized secondary reinforcers. I read the section over and over and still am unsure if I understand it completely. I felt it only has to do with money but I’m unsure if that is correct. I feel there could be more information in this section.
3) 1. Intrinsic value; The value one holds on a reinforcer, that others may not hold the same value. I will remember this because it makes me think of how hoarders (maybe myself) can’t let an item go while others think its trash. 2. Extrinsic value; the value others hold on a reinforcer that you may not yourself feel the same way. I will remember this because it makes me think of you using an example of beer as a reinforcer in class- everybody laughs and nod and agree and I gag at the thought of it. 3. Positive reinforcement; adding something positive as a reinforcement. This is easy for me to remember because I like to think of reinforcing as being a positive behavior.
After reading section 2.3, please respond to the following questions.
4) I really liked your information on culturally accepted behavior. I’ve seen Brokedown Palace and absolutely loved that movie. I often think of that when the thought of going to another country comes to mind. I love the thought of travel but learning of other countries criminal justice systems make me want to stay here. I couldn’t imagine being stuck in another country and being punished for something that here isn’t a big deal, or is something I could get out of.
5) Probably the talk about the campus police carrying guns. I feel less safe with guns being on campus and would of rather not known they did. I know this is a HUGE topic and people go back and forth with it all the time. I personally do not like guns, and do not feel safe with guns on campus- even if they’re supposedly in the ‘right hands’.
6) 1. That punishment is aversive for both parties. This is something I can remember because after punishing my daughter, we both feel like crap. She’s pissed at me, and I feel like either a big meanie, or my feelings are hurt because she doesn’t want anything to do with me. 2. Disrupting operant behaviors can be an alternative to punishment. This is something I can remember because it’s something I try and use with my daughter a lot, but never knew the name of it. If I disrupt it things go a lot smoother- for the most part. She doesn’t get as angry or her feelings aren’t hurt and I don’t have to play the bad guy. 3. Negative Punishment is the removal of something positive. This is easy for me to remember because its something my step sister taught me to use with my daughter a long time ago. She is a teacher with the Montessori school system and she says that taking away something they’re fond of is the easiest way to get them to listen. I’ve found this to be true; I put my daughters toys on time outs when she is being naughty, and it works almost every time.
7) I’m guessing I won’t end up drinking more than four =( . I’ve tried this SO many times. Even gave myself little ‘prizes’ throughout the day if I continued. Still didn’t end up drinking 8. I feel like I have to force myself to drink that much.
8) terms: Intrinsic value, extrinsic value, positive reinforcement, punishment, operant behaviors, negative punishment.

1. I really liked all the great examples in this section. they made all of the terms pop out to me. Intrinsic value and extrinsic value I do not think would of stuck in my brain if it had not been explained. Also the distinction between primary and secondary reinforcers got kind of muddled until I read through the examples.

2. The one thing that I did not like in this section of reading was the chart that told us to tell if something was a primary or a secondary reinforcer did not tell us the answers so we could check our answers.

3. The first thing that stuck out to me was Pavlov's experiment. I have seen it many times while studying psychology but this seemed to be one of the better explanations of unconditioned and condition responses also condition and unconditioned stimulus.
B. The next thing that seemed to stick out to me was limited and broad value. We are taught everything has value you to some degree. Many books do not talk about the difference between limited and broad value. We are just told they have value so I am glad that the difference was explained very well in this section of reading.
C. The third thing that will stick with me is how much context matters. I always knew it was important but I did not know to what degree that it was important. The simple but very effective example of foreign money in the United States pointed out the significance.

4. I liked that this section had no problem calling out the United State's torture practices. This is because so many people try to just sweep it under the rug or just side step it completely. I do not agree with that kind of investigation techniques.

5. The Youtube link dose not work any more. The account that put it up has been deleted. I was interested to see the video that was mentioned in the text. I feel as if it would of been a great illustration of the severity of punishment.

6. The first thing that stuck out to me in this section of reading is the ethical issues. I felt as if we had only been talking about the good that can come from behavioral modification but this knowledge elicits a certain amount of evil out of some people.
B. The next thing that I really feel stuck with me is the review for negative and positive punishment. I some times still get tripped up over the difference in these two but hopefully this review will help me remember the difference.
C. The third thing that I feel stuck out above the rest is the cultural differences. I think this is highlighted very well by the examples given in the text. It made me think I would be appalled to hear about a public canning in downtown Ceder Falls but in some places this is a normal punishment.

7.I think that I drink a good amount of water but to say the actual amount of glasses I would need to know the size of the glasses. If it is just eight ounces my water bottles holds three glasses and I drink about three bottles a day or nine glasses.

8.Terms used-Intrinsic, extrinsic,primary reinforcer, secondary reinforcer, condition and unconditional response, unconditional and conditional stimulus, limited value,broad value,Context,torture, punishment, severity, ethical issues, behavioral modification, elicits,negative punishment, positive punishment,public canning

1 a&b) What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why?
Something I liked about this section was that I had complained about how repetitive some of the content was getting, and how I felt I was already comfortable with it. I think I was wrong now and feel like I am more comfortable with positive and negative reinforcement after reading this section.
2) What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why?
I cannot say that there was anything in particular that I didn't like about this section other then maybe it was 15 pages and had plenty of new vocab.
3 a,b&c) What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why?
A)I will remember that intrinsic value is the value that a particular person puts on something such as a certain drug that a person is addicted to has more value to them than it would to a straight edge individual. Extrinsic value would be what society or others have decided the value of something should be such as the monetary value a piece of paper is worth (dollar bill). The in and ex prefixes make these two very separable.
B)I learned that there are different durations a reinforcer may be effective. A limited valued reinforcer may only be good for a short period of time like the example of the piece of gum, not too many people are thrilled to chew the same piece for more than a few hours. Whereas a broad value reinforcer could be obtaining a college degree, as that will never be something taken away from you and you will be able to use it as long as you choose to.
C) I always knew of Pavlov's experiments with classical conditioning, but never really thought about the difference between the meat powder and the bell as far as reinforcers. The meat powder is a pretty obvious stimulant to a dog's drooling and that is why we call it a primary reinforcer because it doesn't have to be learned, it is just innate. However the dog had to pair the meat powder with the bell in order to start drooling at the ring of the bell since bells don't naturally make an organism hungry. We call this a secondary reinforcer.
4 a&b) What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why?
I like the points made that punishment is not as effective as reinforcement is most cases. This being because punishment is only stopping a behavior instead of reinforcing a preferred one.

5) What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why?
I disliked the fact that we don't use water boarding anymore to prisoners of war because I feel like punishment in this case is highly effective and vital.
6 a,b&c) What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why?
A) Punishment should only be emitted when we are in dire need for a behavior to stop such as a child that is throwing rocks at other children.
B) Punishment is not equally effective to everyone. Putting a sign up saying your car will get towed if you park in a non parking area might elicit a person to park elsewhere. Someone in a more panicked situation or dire need for something may forgo what the sign is warning and park there.
C) Punishment typically gets someone upset, which can lessen the effect of the preferred behavior. An example in the text is someone reading while they are supposed to be checking IDs gets yelled at for doing so, they then decide to start skimming the ID and not caring who gets in.

terms:Positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, intrinsic value, extrinsic value, classical conditioning, primary reinforce, secondary reinforce, punishment, emitted, elicit

1 a&b) What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why?
One thing that I really liked in this section was all the examples that were shown along with the new vocabulary how it was all explained. I also liked how much it focused on recognitions and how much it can shape each person. Even though it is just positive and negative reinforcement its affect on each person is huge.
2) What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why?
I found the different terms in this section to be a litter bit harder to understand and distinguish between. I also found it hard to come up with my own examples in this section.
3 a,b&c) What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why?
First thing I will remember is the idea of limited and broad values. This was one of the more simple concepts to understand. Another thing I will remember from this section is when Pavlov’s findings indicate that a variety of stimuli can be conditioned to produce a given basic reflexive response. I found that to be so interesting and easy to understand especially with the dog example that was given. Lastly I will remember that Pavlov is associated with classical conditioning and Skinner is associated with operant condition.
After reading section 2.3, please respond to the following questions.
4 a&b) What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why?
One thing I really liked about this section was I found it to be a nice read. It didn’t blast you with vocabulary like the other ones and it was a lot easier to understand. Also the examples that were given for positive and negative punishment were very clear and understandable.
6) What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why?
I didn’t really have anything that stood out to me so much that I disliked. I would say I liked this section the most so far.
6 a,b&c) What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why?
The first thing I will remember from this section is the examples that were given to help define the concept of negative and positive punishment. I will also remember the intensity punishment and immediacy of punishment. I was able to understand that really well right of the bat. Lastly I will remember the ethics of punishment. I can relate to a lot more of these terms so it definitely helps make it easier to remember and understand.

7) Now that you have been thinking about behavior modification for the past couple of weeks, we will start a mini behavioral observation project. We are going to start recording how many glasses of water we drink each day. You can just write these down on a piece of paper each day (starting today) and we will use your findings next week in one of these assignments. How much water to you think you drink each day?
3-5 glasses per day.
8) Once you are done with your post make list of the terms and terminology you used in your post.
Negative punishment, positive punishment, intensity punishment, immediacy of punishment, classical conditioning, operant conditioning, limited values, broad values, stimuli, and reflexive response.

After reading section 2.2, please respond to the following questions.

1 a&b) What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why?

The one part I really liked in this section was when it talked about Pavlov and classical conditioning because I have learned about him before. I feel as if it is more enjoyable to learn about the concepts in this section when you can relate it to something or someone you know about. The fact that mostly everyone has at least learned a little about Pavlov in their previous intro to psych class, helps them better understand concepts related to Pavlov in this section.

2) What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why?

One thing I disliked in this section is wikipedia's definition of a generalized reinforcer. The definition is a conditioned reinforcer that has obtained the reinforcing function by paring with many other reinforcers. The fact that they use the word reinforce in this sentence THREE times and it is also part of the word they are trying to describe makes it sound silly and unprofessional.

3 a,b&c) What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why?

I will remember both intrinsic and extrinsic value because I have learned about them before in one of my family services class therefore this is basically like a refresher for me when it comes to those terms. I will also remember Maslow's Hierarchy of needs not only because I had to memorize it for a previous class but also because they are very important to know in your every day life. Knowing these needs help you fully understand what should come first in life. The last thing I know for sure that I will remember is that Skinner is associated with operant conditioning whereas Pavlov is associated with classical conditioning because I have learned about it before. This is also an easier way to help me remember classical and operant conditioning by remembering the people associated with them.

After reading section 2.3, please respond to the following questions.

1 a&b) What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why?

In this section I enjoyed how it was divided into certain sections about punishment. This made it easier to go in depth when trying to understand punishment. It also gave a clear meaning about what exactly punishment is and what it does for us in our society.

2) What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why?

I disliked the fact that this section was mainly just about punishment and no other topic because reading 15 pages about the same topic usually isn't very fascinating unless you are particularly interested in that certain topic. This section was still very interesting to me though and I did not find it to be too boring.

3 a,b&c) What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why?

Three things I will remember from this section are, number one, the fact that punishment differs in different cultures. I found this to be extremely interesting because I had never really thought about it before. Now that I have read this section about how punishment can differ in other cultures, I feel as if I will actually think about it more often especially since my mom is from Paraguay, South America. Since I have a different cultural background from my mother I am always thinking about how cultures differ. The second thing I will remember from this section is that negative punishment is removing a desirable stimulus where as positive punishment is the addition of an aversive stimulus. I will remember this because it is basically review from what we have learned previously in this class. I will also remember that all forms of punishment are aversive procedures, including negative reinforcement as well. This stuck in my head because it really made me think and I realized it's true.

7) Now that you have been thinking about behavior modification for the past couple of weeks, we will start a mini behavioral observation project. We are going to start recording how many glasses of water we drink each day. You can just write these down on a piece of paper each day (starting today) and we will use your findings next week in one of these assignments. How much water do you think you drink each day?

I believe I drink about 2 glasses of water per day.

Terms: generalized reinforcer, conditioned reinforcer, reinforcing, intrinsic value, extrinsic value, classical conditioning, Maslow's hierarchy of needs, operant conditioning, negative punishment, positive punishment, desirable stimulus, aversive stimulus, aversive procedures

Section 2.2
1) I liked the introduction of primary and secondary reinforcers. It’s interesting to learn deeper about the different ways reinforcers work and how they can be changed to be more effective, especially in what context.

2) I didn’t care for the lack of variety in the text examples for the new concepts. I’m still a little confused on what all qualifies for intrinsic and extrinsic values, limited and broad values, secondary reinforcers, and primary reinforcers. I have a grasp on the ideas, but I would have liked a wider scope of examples.

3) The things I will remember most from this section would be primary and secondary reinforcers, and intrinsic and extrinsic values. I like the way that primary reinforcers are the explanation to why we are reinforced by anything else, which is from secondary reinforcers. Also, the concept of secondary reinforcers also being generalized into many reinforcers is interesting. The extrinsic and intrinsic values I will remember because they help explain which reinforces will be the best for different individuals and in what contexts.

Section 2.3
4) What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why?
I like reading about B.F. Skinners Utopia. It’s interesting to think of a world without punishment, and only reinforcement based on people doing the right things for each other. Also, I find the society’s reaction to his book interesting. How can reinforcement be taking away our free will when punishments can do the same? (Such as locking someone up in prison)

5) I don’t think there was anything in particular that I didn’t like in this section. This section was to the point, with a variety of examples, and I now feel I have a better understanding of punishment and the effects from it.

6) The things I will remember most from this section would be the concept of disrupting the operant behavior, what makes punishment efficient, and the consequences of using punishment. Disrupting the operant behavior is interesting and sounds like a very good alternative to punishment because it isn’t aversive to the punisher, and is effective in reducing the behavior due to preventing it. Knowing the key rules to making punishment efficient is important as well so if we use it, at least it will be done well. Such concepts were consistency, immediacy, and abruptness. Also, it’s important to note the effects of using punishment on the target behavior in whole, and the punisher. Punishment has consequences outside of the organism being punished, regardless if it’s positive or negative, and should be used wisely.

7) I probably drink a glass of pure water once or twice a day. It’s definitely not enough that’s for sure.

8) Terms: primary reinforcer, secondary reinforcer, generalized, intrinsic value, extrinsic value, limited value, broad value, context, operant behavior, positive and negative punishment, B.F. Skinner, aversive, and punisher

1) One thing I was intrigued by in this section was reading about Pavlov’s classical conditioning. I like reading about dogs drooling over meat powder. I don’t know there’s just something so interesting about it. No, but seriously. I remember reading about unconditioned stimulus, unconditioned response, conditioned stimulus, and conditioned response in intro to psych, but it was really nice to have a refresher. So, an unconditioned stimulus is something that elicits a natural reaction. The reaction that is natural is called an unconditioned response. A certain stimulus that repeatedly elicits a response is called a conditioned stimulus. The reaction to that conditioned stimulus is called a conditioned response.
2) The part I liked the least in this section was reading about limited and broad value. Obviously some reinforcers are limited and wear off quickly and obviously some are broad and don’t wear off as quickly due to their qualities.
3) I’m going to remember that intrinsic value is value that the individual places on something. And extrinsic value is value others place on something. I’m going to remember these because they’re opposites and the root words in these make them pretty obvious and easy to remember. I’m going to remember that primary reinforcers are like unconditioned reinforcers because they don’t need pairing with another stimulus. They’re natural like: water, food, sex, and air. I’m also going to remember that context matters when thinking about whether or not a primary or secondary reinforcer will actually reinforce. I have to keep in mind when I’m trying to reinforce my kids (when I’m older), if they’re not in the right context, it’s not going to be reinforcing.
4) One thing I enjoyed reading about was B.F. Skinner’s thoughts on punishment and reinforcement. I find it very interesting that he was so against punishment and it’s incredible that his mind was so attuned to this idea that he could create a whole book around it. I think I would really like to read Walden II. I’m definitely a person who would love to see a utopian society and I know that’s not really possible, but reading about it would be one way to bring this idea to life and I really think I would thoroughly enjoy reading it.
5) I didn’t particularly enjoy reading about the ethical issues because I feel a lot of cognitive dissonance when I think about waterboarding. I just can’t quite figure out where I stand. On one hand, I’m very opposed to the idea of this type of negative reinforcement because it seems like such punishment. And on the other hand… there have to be ways to get information. But, aren’t there better ways? And yet, I can’t think of any better ways… so I’m just kind of stuck. And it makes me uncomfortable to be so challenged by these two ideas.
6) I’m going to remember that there is such an option as disrupting the operant behavior. I watch kids a lot. I was a nanny this summer and I do quite a bit of babysitting now that summer is over. I was always looking for ways to get the kids to modify their behaviors, although I wouldn’t have called it that. So, disruption of a behavior can stop unwanted behaviors. For example, if Indira is trying to steal a cookie from the cookie jar, asking her how she’s doing might stop the behavior. I’m going to remember that punishment must be immediate. It must happen right after the unwanted behavior occurs, or it won’t be effective. Also, the punishment must be frequent. Along with that, the punishment isn’t going to be awesome for me either. It’s aversive for both parties- I think that’s really important for me to remember and that reinforcement might really be the better option here.
7) I’m going to guess around 8 glasses per day.
TERMS: Pavlov's classical conditioning, unconditioned stimulus, unconditioned response, conditioned stimulus, and conditioned response, elicit, intrinsic value, extrinsic value, primary reinforcer, punishment, reinforcement, negative reinforcement, B.F. Skinner, aversive, and operant behavior

1 a&b) What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why?

I really liked the charts and the examples that were given in this section, or for that matter in any section that we read. It really helps me visualize what exactly we are trying to learn and trying to understand.

2) What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why?

I have no control over this, but I disliked the fact that we are learning about so many different reinforcers within one section of the chapter, I get too confused. There are generalized reinforcers, to primary and secondary ones. I feel as if I may not be able to keep up with so many terms that sound the same and have roughly close definitions.

3 a,b&c) What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why?

a. I will remember the difference between Unconditioned Stimulus and Conditioned Stimulus because of the great examples it gave in the reading. Without examples for me I would not understand or remember anything.

b. This goes along with A I will remember the difference between an unconditioned response and a conditioned response simply enough because the reading gives great examples and the examples takes me back to my introduction to Psychology class where we learned about Pavlov and his salivating dogs. I have heard a lot about these examples and if I think back to them I am sure I can remember them a lot easier.

c. I will begin to remember and understand the difference between a Primary Reinforcer (PR )and a Secondary Reinforcer (SR). This will come in time but again with the great charts and examples that Otto gives us helps us greatly. From previous classes I did not know that Maslow’s hierarchy of needs was full of Primary Reinforcers, but I am glad to know that now and will begin to remember primary reinforcers because of this
With knowing that a PR is an unconditioned response and that a SR is a conditioned response it will be much easier to understand some older terms that we learned.


After reading section 2.3, please respond to the following questions.

4 a&b) What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why?

It is not the fact that I liked this; I thought it was unusual and interesting to read about unethical issues that can result from using positive or negative punishment in certain ways, or even in modifying someone’s behavior in any way. I found this interesting because I never thought I would be reading it in a section about b.mod.

5) What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why?

I did not like the fact that there was an example used in the punishment section about the death penalty. When I think of punishment I think of these things, because I am a Criminology Major, but when trying to think in a Psychological setting I must regard all of those punishments that are upfront and try to think about new ones that we do not think about as often. So this kind of grinds my gears because I want to be able to think more about other situations and punishments not just ones in the Criminological setting where everyone knows a lot of punishments that come from that area.

6 a,b&c) What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why?

a. I will remember that punishments can often lead to decreasing in behavior all together. For example when I read the part about a manager scolding their employee for reading at the entrance of a bar and not checking IDs, that person may decrease their reading habits all together. I did not know that and I am sure that I will remember this for the future and any punishments I do towards my family.

b. I will remember that a punishment needs to be aversive enough to make the behavior subside or stop all together. I can remember this because it is easy enough to put through in my own life. I can use these examples from the book and give my own examples to see if they are correct in the sense that we need to have punishments that are very aversive.

c. Going along with B the punishment also needs to be intense enough to get the behavior to stop, just not too intense. I am sure that I will remember this, the same way I will remember anything else that I have learned in this class. EXAMPLES EXAMPLES EXAMPLES!!!!!!


7) Now that you have been thinking about behavior modification for the past couple of weeks, we will start a mini behavioral observation project. We are going to start recording how many glasses of water we drink each day. You can just write these down on a piece of paper each day (starting today) and we will use your findings next week in one of these assignments. How much water do you think you drink each day?

I know for sure that I try and drink at least 4 refills of my 32oz. water bottle a day because I am a runner and I am on the farm every day; got to stay hydrated.

8) Once you are done with your post make list of the terms and terminology you used in your post.

UCR, UCS, CR, CS, Pavlov, Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs, Primary Reinforcer, Secondary Reinforcer, Generalized Reinforcers, Negative Punishment, Positive Punishment, Behavior Modification, Aversive, Intense

APLK
1 a&b) What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why?
I really liked how certain terms and aspects in this section were very descriptive and also had a few visual items. I like having terms thoroughly explained because then I know exactly what certain terms mean and how to properly apply them. I also like to have pictures as visuals so I can better understand the concepts.

2) What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why?
There wasn’t anything in this section that I disliked. The only thing that I could say was least liked was the “homework” boxes, but only because I’ve seen them most often in every chapter we’ve gone through.

3 a,b&c) What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why?
One thing I will remember from this section is examples of primary reinforcers because they were explained further with a visual description through the hierarchy of needs triangle and how they differ from secondary reinforcers. I’ll also remember what a generalized reinforcer is because the example being used was money and that’s a good illustration of how to apply the definition to everyday life. Lastly, I’ll remember that primary or secondary reinforcers can be a limited or broad value because I’ll now always thing of the affects drugs have on people, which is a very easy thing to remember.
After reading section 2.3, please respond to the following questions.

4 a&b) What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why?
I really liked how long, detailed, and how thoroughly explained the paragraphs were to each different term being talked about. I like that because the more you read about a specific aspect, the more likely you are to understand and remember the concept of it.

5) What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why?
There was not much to complain about, but if I were to dislike one thing, it would probably be the repetitiveness of the opportunity to come up with our own examples.

6 a,b&c) What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why?
One thing I’ll remember from this section is the importance of punishment because the explanation of why we need it was by Skinner, who I’ve read about in previous classes. I’ll also remember that different behaviors have different consequences depending on the culture it is committed/ punished in because it’s something that I didn’t intensely take into consideration before reading this section. Lastly, I’ll remember that the more immediate and consistent the punishment is, the more effective it is because it is an extremely important aspect to remember when you are trying to modify a specific behavior.

7) Now that you have been thinking about behavior modification for the past couple of weeks, we will start a mini behavioral observation project. We are going to start recording how many glasses of water we drink each day. You can just write these down on a piece of paper each day (starting today) and we will use your findings next week in one of these assignments. How much water to you think you drink each day?
I thing I drink close to four 750 mL water bottles a day.

8) Terms: primary reinforcer, hierarchy of needs, secondary reinforcer, generalized reinforcer, consistent

1. I liked when the term illustrated in examples given was put in parentheses. This was very helpful to again make sure I could put real world examples with the terms.
2. I was still confused after the section on generalized reinforcers. I am not sure how primary reinforcers, secondary reinforcers, and generalized reinforcers all work. I got confused on how to tell the difference between these three terms and needed some more examples.
3. I will remember Maslow’s hierarchy of needs because it was different then the graphs we have been used to seeing in this book. I will also remember the table broken up into reinforcer, primary reinforcer, and secondary reinforcer, because it is a vivid representation. I also will remember the example used about money for context. I have that same problem with leftover money from other places that only has sentimental value now.
4. I appreciated and liked the inclusion of cultural differences in punishment. That is an important component that may go unnoticed if you study behavioral modification in one country.
5. There is nothing specific about this chapter that I disliked.
6. I will remember the section titled the “dark side” of behavioral modification, because it is so easy to forget that if you use the information badly, you can affect people in a very negative way. I will also remember the section about extreme negative reinforcement because issues like the use of torture and the death penalty and issues I feel strongly about. I will also remember the progression of the sections about the abruptness of punishment as well as the intensity and immediacy of punishment especially as it pertains to children and needing to correct behavior quickly.
7. I think I drink 1 glass a day.
8. Reinforcer, primary reinforcer, secondary reinforcer, generalized reinforcer, hierarchy of needs, cultural differences in punishment, behavioral modification, and negative reinforcement

1) I liked the example of Dr. MacLin’s rats being unintentionally conditioned to the sound of his slippers. It made me think of the way my new puppy gets exited whenever I come downstairs and put on my shoes. He associates putting on shoes with going on a walk. These examples helped me understand that some environmental stimuli can become a secondary rienforcers when the function of the reinforcer is associated with it.
2) One thing that I didn’t like about this chapter was that the table of Primary and Secondary rienforcers did not have an answer key. I was still not sure if I still had a firm grasp on the difference between the two.
3) (a) Because it has been reinforced so many times throughout this book, I will definitely remember the difference between positive and negative reinforcement. Positive reinforcement involves the addition of something desirable and negative reinforcement involves the removal something aversive. Both result in an increase of the target behavior. (b) I also will remember that primary rienforcers are conditioned and secondary rienforcers are unconditioned. I will remember this by thinking of my puppy from my earlier example. Taking a walk was naturally reinforcing for Winston but putting on my shoes became a conditioned reinforcement that was associated with the walk. (c) Lastly I will remember the difference between Extrinsic and Intrinsic Value. I will remember this because some things that have extrinsic value may not have intrinsic value for some people. It is valued by society to have good grades in school, but if a student does have motivation within himself/herself to get good grades, it won’t matter.
4) I really enjoyed the example of the roommate stealing beer from the refrigerator. I thought that it was funny and it really made me understand the importance of immediacy when administering punishment.
5) One thing I didn’t like, or rather am still confused about, is the difference between punishment and disrupting operant behavior. Since they both result in a decrease of the behavior, it is hard for me to get them straight.
6) (a) I will remember the potential problems of administering punishment. It could decrease the target behavior in other environments where the behavior is acceptable, the behavior could backfire and increase, or other behaviors may decrease along with the target behavior. For example, if a young child is scolded for talking during class, he/she may reduce speaking to his/her friends in all situations. It is very important to keep these problems in mind when you are trying to modify behavior. (b) I will remember that you can also change a behavior by modifying the antecedent. A child can’t throw rocks at other children if there are no rocks to through. (c) Lastly, I will remember the cultural differences in regards to punishment. One country may think that capital punishment is expectable while others do not.
7) I think that I will drink 3 cups of water each day.

Terms: secondary reinforcer, primary reinforcer, function, positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, target behavior, conditioned, unconditioned, extrinsic and intrinsic value, punishment, disrupting, operant behavior, antecedent

Please fill out the boxes in the readings you may be quizzed on them in class.
After reading section 2.2, please respond to the following questions.
1 a&b) What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why? I really struggled understanding the difference between punishment and negative reinforcement. I liked this chapter because it really laid it all out for me and made it clear what the difference was. Negative reinforcement is the removal of something the increases the likelihood the behavior will reoccur. Punishment decreases the likelihood something will occur.
2) What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why? I really didn’t enjoy the reading on Pavlov because it is something I have learned about for 4 years now. I know it is important in understanding behavior, but I am tired of reading about it all the time.
3 a,b&c) What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why?Postitive reinforcement is the adding of a stimulus that increases the likelihood of a behavior reoccurring. Negative reinforcement is the removal of a stimulus that increases the likelihood of the behavior reoccurring. I will remember these two things because this section really focused on these terms. It spelled out multiple examples that made them easy to understand. I will also remember Primary reinforcers because it is a unconditioned stimulus that we need to survive. It involves our basic human needs.
After reading section 2.3, please respond to the following questions.
4 a&b) What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why? I really liked how this chapter reviewed the differences between positive and negative punishment. It really showed me what they are and how they are different from reinforcements.
5) What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why? I really didn’t like the long sections on how and when to perform punishment. I think this is something that is common sense, so I didn’t enjoy reading about it.
6 a,b&c) What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why? Postive punishment is the introduction of something that decreases the likelihood of a behavior occurring again. Negative punishment is the removal of a stimulus that decreases the likelihood of a behavior occurring. I will remember these because the section really focused on explaining these terms through definition and examples. I will remember that punishment shoud be consistant. This is something that is important but tricky because of surroundings or other behaviors. It can be difficult to continuously punish a behavior in the same extreme.
7) Now that you have been thinking about behavior modification for the past couple of weeks, we will start a mini behavioral observation project. We are going to start recording how many glasses of water we drink each day. You can just write these down on a piece of paper each day (starting today) and we will use your findings next week in one of these assignments. How much water to you think you drink each day? I think I drink at leat 2 cups a day.
8) Once you are done with your post make list of the terms and terminology you used in your post. Negative reinforcement, positive reinforcement, negative punishment, negative reinforcement, secondary reinforcement, primiary reinforcement ], unconditioned stimulus

HNS
Section 2.2:

1.) One thing I really liked from this section were the examples and explanations used to help explain all the new terms. It helps when learning so many new terms at once to be able to see how they can be applied to real life scenarios.

2.) One thing I didn't like was that this section didn't seem to flow as easily as it usually does for me. I'm kind of bias because I'm a writer, so I tend to be more critical when I read than the average person, but it did make some of it harder for me to understand. There were sentences I had to read a few times to understand what I was reading. Altogether, I got the gist of the section, so it wasn't enough for me to not learn what was intended for us to comprehend, it just made it more difficult for me.

3.) One thing I will remember from this section is the difference between conditioned and unconditioned responses. It definitely made sense to me and it made me think of a recent thing I realized my dog loves. I adopted her about seven months ago; she's already about 7 or 8 years old. I live with a roommate that has two cats, and she has a laser pointer for her cats. The laser pointer was in a ceramic bowl that had other things in it, too, like loose change and pens. So every time I grabbed the laser pointer, it would get my dog's attention. I initially got it out to play with the cats, but I realized my dog loves playing with it. So I would get it out all the time to play with her. The laser pointer is now lost somewhere, but anytime someone reaches into that bowl, my dog freaks out because she expects to see the laser. Second, this also means I will remember primary and secondary reinforcers. In the case of my dog with the laser pointer, the sound of the clanking in the bowl became the secondary reinforcer. The sound of the clanking elicited her to get excited and emit a playful behavior as she loves chasing the laser. Lastly, I will remember extrinsic vs. intrinsic values because it makes a lot of sense. It's understandable that what might serve as a reinforcer to one person, may not serve as one to another just depending on their differing values. And just because society has deemed something as being valuable, doesn't mean every individual accepts those values, too.

Section 2.3:

4.) One thing I really liked about this section was not only the review of punishment, be it negative or positive, but also all the different ways in which punishment either is or isn't effective. Looking at cultural differences, intensities, frequencies, etc., makes sense because I think there's a line that can't really be crossed for punishment because there are extremes. Plus, like reinforement, what one person may consider aversive, another person may not.

5.) There really wasn't much that I disliked about this section. Much of what I read made sense to me and it was an easy flowing read.

6.) First, I will remember how important it is for punishment to occur immediately after the undesired behavior has occurred. I will remember this because it makes sense. The person doing the undesired behavior need to be able to understand exactly what behavior was done that made the punishment occur. If it is done too much after the behavior, they may not be able to connect the dots. This also applies for reinforcement. This being said, I will also remember the importance of frequency for both reinforcement and punishment because a behavior will not increase nor decrease if the punishment/reinforcement isn't consistent. Lastly, I will remember that sometimes, there is an immediate need for punishment. If someone is doing a harmful behavior, either to themselves or to someone else, sometimes the antecedent needs to be immediately changed. They need to be removed from the environment because there's really no time to wait for behavior to change over time.

7.) I certainly don't drink as much water as I should, and now will be an inaccurate time for me to record the amount of water I typically drink because I'm sick.

8.) TERMS: Positive/Negative reinforcment, positive/negative punishment, elicit, emit, antecedent, unconditioned and conditioned response, primary and secondary reinforcers, aversive, extrinsic and intrinsic values.

After reading section 2.2, please respond to the following questions.
1 a&b) What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why? - One thing I really liked about this section was learning about primary, secondary (conditioned), and generalized reinforcers. I liked it because we are finally narrowing down a into specific categories and I thought of some good examples of each.
2) What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why? - One thing I liked least about this section was that the first three pages seemed repetitive of everything we've already learned so far in this class. However, this class is cumulative and everything that we learn will be used in later chapters so the repetitive reading was reinforcing for my learning.
3 a,b&c) What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why? - Three things that I will remember from this section:
1. Classical conditioning was introduced by Pavlov.
2. Unconditioned stimulus and unconditioned response are innate and do not have to be learned, therefore being called unconditioned.
3. Conditioned stimulus and conditioned response are not innate and must be learned, therefore being called conditioned.
I will remember these things because they were briefly taught to me in my Intro to Psychology class and learning about it again reinforced my learning about this topic.
After reading section 2.3, please respond to the following questions.
4 a&b) What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why? - One thing I really liked about this section was that the material was really easy to understand. Some chapters there have been a lot of new terms to learn, but with this chapter it just focused on punishment and narrowed in on important things just regarding punishment.
5) What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why? - One thing I liked least about this section, just like the last section, was that the first couple of pages seemed repetitive of what we have already learned in previous chapters. However, it is good to go over base material again every now and then to refresh your memory on the topic.
6 a,b&c) What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why? - Three things I will remember from this section:
1. When punishment is used it should be intense, frequent, abrupt, and immediate.
2. Punishment is different across cultures.
3. Instead of using punishment, disrupting operant behaviors is usually an effective alternative.
I will remember these things because for #1) I used these techniques on my dog when she was just a puppy to get the desired behavior. For #2) I learned about some techniques of punishment in my Africa class that are vastly different from in the U.S. . And for #3) I can relate to the examples in the reading.
7) Now that you have been thinking about behavior modification for the past couple of weeks, we will start a mini behavioral observation project. We are going to start recording how many glasses of water we drink each day. You can just write these down on a piece of paper each day (starting today) and we will use your findings next week in one of these assignments. How much water to you think you drink each day? - I think I drink twelve 8 ounce glasses of water a day.
8) Once you are done with your post make list of the terms and terminology you used in your post.
Terminology used: Primary reinforcer, secondary (conditioned) reinforcer, generalized reinforcer, classical conditioning, unconditioned stimulus, unconditioned response, conditioned stimulus, conditioned response, Punishment, operant behaviors.

1a&b)One thing I really liked about this section was the explanation of the different reinforcements. Generalized, secondary, and primary reinforcements are all different. This section not only helped me to get a definition to them, but also come up with my own examples.

2) One thing I disliked was the section on limited vs. broad values. This section was confusing to me. I understood the definitions but then when it came to listing reinforcers for each one, I really struggled.

3 a,b&c) Three things I will remember from this section are positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, and Pavlov's classical conditioning. I will remember these because they were explained very well. Also, they were all review from my intro to psychology class last semester. This section was a great review of these as well.

4a&b) One thing I really liked in this section includes the different things explained about punishment. This includes the intensity, immediacy, abruptness, frequency, and cultural differences of punishment. I enjoyed seeing all of the different sides and ways of punishment. Each of these explained the level and way punishment should be handled with. I enjoyed getting the correct view on punishment.

5) One thing I disliked about this section is the part on extreme negative reinforcement. Specifically the use of waterboarding. I am not a fan of torture. Hearing and learning about it just irks me and makes me sick. The fact that waterboarding is a real thing is why I do not like this part of this section.

6a,b&c) Three things I will remember from this section include positive punishment, negative punishment, and misting. I will not forget these because they were all explained very well. Positive and negative punishment are new to me. In my intro to psychology class we talked about punishment, but not positive and negative punishment. To have it explained and given examples made it stand out to me. Misting is something I knew of but didn't understand the backs behind it. To connect it with punishment before. It just never crossed my mind.

7) I think I drink about two water bottles a day.
8) reinforcers, punishment, reinforcement, misting, positive punishment, positive reinforcement, negative punishment, negative reinforcement, Pavlov, classical conditioning, limited values, broad values, generalized reinforcement, secondary reinforcement, primary reinforcement.

1. My favorite part of this section was the part about classical conditioning. This was my favorite part of the section because I remembered this concept clearly from my high school AP Psychology class. This was one of the first concepts we learned about when we started digging into the behavior parts of psychology. It was really refreshing to read through this section and know that I already knew all of the information from a previous class; it made the new information in the section easier to digest.

2. My least favorite part of this section was the concept of secondary reinforcers. This concept was my least favorite part because I found it difficult to understand exactly what a secondary reinforcer is. At first I thought I understood it, that it is a reinforcer that needs to be learned, but after further reading I realized that a secondary reinforcer is not a secondary reinforcer unless it is paired with the signaling of a primary reinforcer. I have a tendency to think of it only as a reinforcer that is learned, but I must focus on it not only being a learned reinforcer, but a learned reinforcer because it was learned to be associated with a primary reinforcer.

3. After reading this section I will remember:
A. that context matters when determining whether primary or secondary reinforcers will be reinforcing. I will remember this concept because of the example presented along with it in the text, the money example. Reading about how U.S. money will not be reinforcing in Europe, and nor would Euros be reinforcing in the U.S. really helped to drive home the concept that context is one of the most important things to look at when determining whether a reinforcer will be reinforcing.
B. the concept of intrinsic and extrinsic in relation to reinforcers. I will remember this concept because this past weekend I had a conversation about reinforcement with my boyfriend’s dad and he was trying to incorrectly use the terms intrinsic and extrinsic in relation to reinforcement, he was applying intrinsic and extrinsic to reinforcement as they mean with motivation. When reading about these concepts in relation to reinforcement, I immediately thought back to this conversation and the concepts then stuck with me as I now have a clearer understanding of how to explain the correct use of the terms to him. An intrinsic reinforcer has value because the individual places it, an extrinsic reinforcer has value because others place it.
C. the concept of generalized reinforcer, a conditioned reinforce that has obtained the reinforcing function by pairing with many other reinforcers. I will remember this concept because of the money examples. Money is a generalized reinforcer because it allows a person to get any primary reinforcer, therefore, generalized reinforcers are any sort of reinforcers that allow you to obtain primary reinforcers. This concrete example allowed me to easily think of other generalized reinforcers.

4. My favorite part of this section was learning about how punishment can be effective: it must be abrupt, have the right intensity, be immediate, and be consistent. This was my favorite part of the section because as I think ahead about being a parent someday I realize there will be instances where punishment will be necessary to correct their behavior. Although I hope to use reinforcement as much as possible, I know there will be times when punishment is the best solution. When that time comes I want to use punishment effectively so that it works, hopefully minimizing the number of times necessary to use punishment

5. My least favorite part of this section was learning about the prevalence of extreme negative reinforcement in our world. This was my least favorite part of the section because it broke my heart. Although I am aware of the overwhelming presence of evil in the world, specifically within people, and how their evil can put others in danger, I strongly believe people are still people, regardless of any circumstance or bad behavior. They are still human and deserve to be treated as though they are. This was also my least favorite part of the section because it caused me to be very conflicted inside, although my heart broke at the thought of people being treated poorly, I also know there are instances where this might be the only solution as the lives of many people could be at stake.

6. The three things I will remember from what I read in this section are:
A. B.F. Skinner believes reinforcement is always preferable to punishment. I will remember this because when I read it, it struck me as such a unique statement, one I had never thought about before. I do believe reinforcement should be chosen over punishment when possible because it is has less negative side effects, but I had never completely ruled out the idea of punishment. This was the first time I had heard this statement proclaimed boldly from a prominent behavioral psychologist.
B. disrupting the operant behavior can stop the unwanted behavior, but does not act as punishment. I will remember this concept because of the example of the child being instructed to go to their room and come down when they can behave. This example shows the unwanted behavior being disrupted, but also shows this is not punishment because the child is still in control of their own behavior. I found this concept to be very insightful, and it was immediately something I think I would like to incorporate into my parenting style someday. It makes the child think about their actions, and then correct their actions themselves which could cause them to correct their behavior more effectively since they corrected it on their own.
C. different behaviors lead to different punishments depending on the culture you are in. I will remember this concept because of the real world examples given in the text, specifically the example that in certain countries people are publically beaten for certain behaviors. This example really shocked me, because I think it is really terrifying and sad that this is a reality for people in the world. This shock value at this example really allowed the concept of punishments varying depending on the culture to resonate in my mind.

7. Today I drank about 60 oz of water plus coffee. I think I normally drink about 40 oz of water. My goal would be to try and drink at least 80 oz of water a day, two 20 oz water bottles before working out, and two 20 oz water bottles after working out. I think this is a good goal because it would be enough water to keep my body healthy and hydrated.

Terms: secondary reinforcer, reinforcer, primary reinforcer, reinforcing, classical conditioning, intrinsic, extrinsic, generalized reinforcer, reinforcement, punishment, operant behavior, behavior, negative reinforcement

After reading section 2.2, please respond to the following questions.

1 a&b) What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why?
I liked that section 2.2 started with a review of the topics that we have already covered. The fact that the section gave examples of positive and negative reinforcement, which I liked because it made sure I still remembered what they both mean.
2) What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why?
One thing I liked least in this section was relearning about Pavlov's experiment because as a psychology major, I have learned about this in basically every psych class. I understand though that this was the first big step in modifying another's behavior though.
3 a,b&c) What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why?
a. I will remember what a primary reinforcer is because one of the example is Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs. I will remember this because I learned about Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs in high school, but never made the connection that it is a primary reinforcer.
b. I will remember generalized reinforcer because as a poor college student the example of money reinforces basically everything I do and is a main way to get some of my other reinforcers.
c. Intrinsic and extrinsic values will be easy to remember for me because "in" is part of intrinsic and individual, so I won't have to get them mixed up when I talk about them.
After reading section 2.3, please respond to the following questions.

4 a&b) What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why?
I liked how they talked about punishment in more than one way. Informing us of the extreme ways to punish an individual or different aspects that go along with punishment including cultural differences that can change how punishment is handled.

5) What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why?
There was not much of this section I disliked. I felt that it covered the information well and was easy to understand.
6 a,b&c) What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why?
a. Positive punishment involves the introduction of an aversive stimuli.
b. APA has policies regarding the use of torture, I thought this was really interesting, even though it makes sense.
c. I also will remember that B.F Skinner thought that society without punnishment would happen, which I do not believe it is possible, so I will remember this because of our different views.
7) Now that you have been thinking about behavior modification for the past couple of weeks, we will start a mini behavioral observation project. We are going to start recording how many glasses of water we drink each day. You can just write these down on a piece of paper each day (starting today) and we will use your findings next week in one of these assignments. How much water to you think you drink each day?
Most days I drink around 64oz of water or about 8 glasses a day.

8) Once you are done with your post make list of the terms and terminology you used in your post.
Positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, primary reinforcer, generalized reinforcer, reinforce, intrinsic value, extrinsic value, punishment,

After reading section 2.2, please respond to the following questions.

1 a&b) What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why?

I really liked this section and how explained conditioning and the different types of conditioning. Two individuals that provided types of conditioning were, Skinner (operant conditioning) and Pavlov (classical conditioning). This section also provided information on Primary and Secondary reinforcers.

2) What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why?

I think that I could have used a little more explanation on Limited vs. Broad value. I believe I have the overall idea, however, it is one of those instances that when asked, I may easily blank out and be unable to translate into verbal recollection.

3 a,b&c) What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why?

a) Intrinsic Value is a value we, ourselves, give something. Extrinsic Value is a value that others give something. I think of intrinsic as being internal; it is how I place value on something. For extrinsic, I have to think external, it is how someone else places value on something.
b) Primary reinforcer is related specifically on being biologically relevant. This section states that some examples of primary reinforcers would be water or air. These needs are biological in nature as without these things, we would not be able to survive.
c) Conditioned vs. Unconditioned Stimuli. Unconditioned stimuli is something that is not learned, it is simply a natural response. The example in the section speaks of how the meat powder served as an unconditioned stimuli as the dogs natural response was to drool. The conditioned stimuli was when the bell was introduced at the same time as the meat powder and over time, the bell elicited a drool response when rung even without the meat powder.

After reading section 2.3, please respond to the following questions.

4 a&b) What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why?

I found the topic of Disrupting Operant Conditioning to be very interesting. I never looked at punishment in behavior that way as described in telling a story but then being distracted by a phone call. Disrupting a behavior in order to stop unwanted behavior is quite interesting. I like the idea of disrupting operant behavior because as the section says “when done right” it is not upsetting.

5) What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why?

It wasn’t so much something in this section. It was more of my thoughts about the topic of Immediacy of Punishment of this section. I feel a frustration that I see or hear often in our correctional departments. Sometimes it takes so long for punishment to be dealt that the likelihood the punishment will be effective in reducing the target behavior is greatly reduced.

6 a,b&c) What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why?

a) Punishment can be positive or negative. Positive punishment is the addition or introduction of an aversive stimulus. Negative punishment is the removal of a desirable stimulus. I’m trying to think of positive as a symbol “+”, to add aversive stimuli. For negative, I’m using the symbol “-“ to remove desirable stimulus.
b) Intensity of punishment should be intense enough to reduce the behavior or the likelihood the behavior will occur again in similar situations and circumstances.
c) Skinner’s belief that society could function without punishment. Skinner believed that effective reinforcement could remove the need for punishment (or at least greatly reduce the need).

7) Now that you have been thinking about behavior modification for the past couple of weeks, we will start a mini behavioral observation project. We are going to start recording how many glasses of water we drink each day. You can just write these down on a piece of paper each day (starting today) and we will use your findings next week in one of these assignments. How much water to you think you drink each day?

Not enough. I have maybe 1 glass of water a day. I’m heavily reliant on caffeine to survive the waking hours. (Something I should definitely try to improve on.)

8) Terms: Conditioning, operant conditioning, classical conditioning, primary reinforcer, secondary reinforcer, intrinsic value, extrinsic value, elicit(ed), conditioned response, unconditioned response, target behavior, punishment, positive punishment, negative punishment, reinforcement.

1) I liked that even though there was a review of well-known concepts, such as Pavlov and his salivating dogs, they were presented in a way that wasn’t too dry to find interesting. Pavlov is who we look to when we refer to classical conditioning and B.F. Skinner is who we think of when we refer to operant conditioning; these are things that are taught to us in intro to psychology and should be referred to as common psychology knowledge.
2) I really disliked how money became the example for a lot of things. I know that money is transferrable and necessary almost everywhere, and therefore very applicable. Even knowing this, I began to become bored using the same topic for every example. I also ran into the problem of trying to recall the different things discussed when the money aspect was blurring them all together. I would have really appreciated some other examples in this section.
3) I will remember the difference between positive and negative in connection with reinforcement. I should have already remembered it because of the countless mentions before, but this section clearly defined it. Positive means the addition of something desirable, which could be verbal with a “good job” or receiving a large tip as a waitress, or the ability to stay up later and watch a favorite tv. Negative means the removal of something aversive, which could be a reduction in the interest rate for a loan, or free shipping and handling when ordering online for spending X amount of dollars. Another memorable thing from this section was the distinction between intrinsic and extrinsic value. The intrinsic value of something is the value that an individual places on something, whereas extrinsic value is the value that society places on something. So maybe I really like daisies and they are my favorite flower but society like roses and say that they are more important and should be worth more. Because I love daisies I am willing to spend more for a dozen of them; society likes roses and makes them $20 a dozen, but I don’t like them so I wouldn’t spend that much money on them. Another interesting thing that I will remember from this section is the importance of context. This idea has been emphasized in many sections, so I should remember it by now. I would not have the response to the same stimulus if it was given in classroom as opposed to a sports event. If someone shouted “Go Dylan!” at a football game it would probably elicit a response from the corresponding player to try harder as opposed to someone shouting the same thing in a classroom. Dylan would probably look around in confusion and not know what he was supposed to do.
4) I enjoyed the section about extremely negative reinforcement. It seemed as though this section was playing devil’s advocate and pointing out some things that can be seen as controversial. The idea of torture is not a popular one in most crowds, but describing it as extremely negative reinforcement makes it seem not as terrible. It is the addition of something incredibly unpleasant and aversive in hopes of increasing a, for example, truth giving behavior.
5) I disliked how much the section seemed rather preachy. It was very much: do this, do this, don’t do that, etc. I’m aware that this is all important information to know but I think that it could have been presented in a better way. Specifically I am referring to the section about effectiveness, abruptness, intensity, immediacy, and frequency of punishment.
6) I will remember that some people do not like to use punishment. I am aware that it is always preferable to use some type of reinforcement as opposed to punishment, but sometimes that is just not possible. I will remember that punishment is a long-term process. It must be repetitive and consistent in order for punishment to be effective. I will also remember that punishment must be delivered immediately after the offending behavior. It doesn’t do well to punish a dog for doing something that happened hours ago while you were still at work; you must catch your dog in the act in order to properly punish him.
7) I think I drink about 5 8oz glasses of pure water a day.
8) Terms: Pavlov, classical conditioning, operant conditioning, positive, negative, reinforcement, intrinsic value, extrinsic value, punishment, elicit, behavior

1) One thing I really liked in the section was all of the information on reinforcement. Section 1 was a good way to introduce reinforcement, but I really liked how this section went into more detail and gave very specific examples. One specific example I really liked was the example using money to explain generalized reinforcers. It’s a very good and easy example as many different things can obviously be acquired if enough money is presented.

2) The thing I liked the least was the amount of new vocabulary words that were introduced in the section. In particular, unconditioned stimulus (UCS), unconditioned response (UCR), conditioned stimulus (CS), and conditioned response (CR) were some that confused me a little bit. It’s not the first time I’ve learned about these terms, but it’s been a long time ago, so I didn’t retain the information up to this point very well. The refresher this section provided confused me at first, and I had to read the material a few times to get a good understanding on each of the terms. It was overwhelming at first, but I understand that the four terms are content that always need to be explained together in order for one to remember which is which.

3) One thing I’ll remember from this section is the example using money for generalized reinforcers. I saw many other posts saying they didn’t understand the material on generalized reinforcers. However, I thought the example using money made the material much clearer to me. Another thing I’ll remember from this section is the material on positive and negative reinforcement. Although these two have been introduced in previous sections, I thought this section went into more detail and gave better examples. The examples were more relatable for me, making me get an even better understanding than I had after reading the previous sections. The third thing I’ll remember from the section is that context matters when it comes to primary and secondary reinforcers. This made a lot of sense to me after reading the examples, especially the example involving money once again. One can’t use American dollars in Europe and one can’t use Euros in America.

4) One thing I really liked in the section was the material on extreme negative reinforcement. I had no idea that the United States have began to use water boarding as a form of torture. Naturally, many people will question if this method is ethical. I believe that it is. There are much worse things that could be used as a torture technique. This makes me wonder if there’s such a thing as extreme positive reinforcement. I’m going to guess no as I can’t really think of anything that would be considered that.

5) The thing I liked the least from the section is the material on disrupting the operant behavior. It’s not that I didn’t like section, but it’s just the section I liked the least as I said before. I guess I just thought some of the examples from the sections were kind of repetitive from previous material. What I mean by that is it didn’t provide any new information in the section.

6) One thing I’ll remember from the section is the material on the intensity of punishment. The example given about cops was one that made the material very easy to understand as that kind of thing can be often seen on shows like Cops, and maybe even at the bars or streets in Cedar Falls from time to time. During an arrest, if someone is being co-operative, there won’t be any problems with the cops. However, if someone is trying to resist, cops will go to new lengths like throwing them on the ground or tasing them. Another thing I’ll remember from the section is the cultural differences in punishment. In the United States, punishment, for the most part, is ethical. For bad crimes, a lifetime in prison will be given out. For the worst crimes, a criminal could be given the death penalty if that state offers that. In other countries, some crimes can bring a public caning, which means the criminal is beaten with a cane while the public can watch if they so choose. Some countries even have public hangings, so things can be very different depending on the country being discussed. The third thing I’ll remember is the material discussing what a society would be like without punishment. B.F. Skinner wrote a couple of novels that focused on societies only performing reinforcement. Although I think reinforcement is a better way for people to learn than punishment, I still think punishment needs to be used in certain situations. In some situations, I don’t think people can learn from reinforcement. Punishment is something that can be used as a great learning experience at times, just as long as it’s an acceptable form of punishment.

7) I’m going to guess that I will drink around 2-3 glasses of water per day.

8) Reinforcement, generalized reinforcers, unconditioned stimulus, unconditioned response, conditioned stimulus, conditioned response, positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, context, primary reinforcers, secondary reinforcers, extreme negative reinforcement, operant behavior, punishment

1 ) The explanation of Pavlov's experiment by means of the unconditioned stimulus vs. the conditioned stimulus, and the unconditioned response vs. the conditioned response. I like this section so well because I finally get it. Before, this concept has always confused me; I did not care, ergo I did not need to learn it. This explanation, within the texts, allowed me to finally find the experiment to be understandable, and to be applicable.

2) What I liked least was Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs. I thought I had it down, then I did the checks in the box, and I doubted myself. But, I am glad that there is a pyramid to refer to.

3) a. I will remember intrinsic and extrinsic value. Similar to valence, they are the values that an individual or a group places on something as a reinforcer.
b. I will also remember that context is very important. Without context it is difficult to discern what is going on, and reinforcers can “lose their reinforcing properties.” Without said reinforcers, the behavior may become extinct, or a new, less desirable behavior could manifest.
c. I will also remember the meaning of reinforcers having limited value or broad value. The names of the value make the definitions quite obvious. Limited value wears off quickly, or is useful in only certain contexts. Broad value can be useful long-term, or extend across a variety of contexts.

4) I liked the acknowledgment of punishment being “problematic.” Punishment is something that is easy to fall back on, because it has traditionally been used to cause certain unwanted behaviors to become extinct. What it can also do is create other unwanted behaviors. I've been in multiple settings where the undesirable behaviors of adulthood, can many times be traced back to punishments during childhood or adolescence. I believe punishment has its place within our society, but who gets to decide where the line is drawn.

5) What I liked least was the section devoted to Skinner and his dreams of “world peace.” He devoted his time to writing books about a utopian society, and it makes him sound like the runner-up for the Miss Universe crown. I believe people to have good qualities, but I also believe that people have “me first” tendencies, and that with the exception of Divine intervention, world peace is unattainable, especially with the world's particularly dark history.

6)a. I will remember to travel and check my backpack to make sure my shady friend has not filled it with heroin, so that I do not become imprisoned in a foreign country. Behaviors are viewed much differently across the globe, or even across the States.
b. Punishment should also be consistent. It can become confusing, or ineffective if punishment is not used consistently.
c. Ethics also need to be considered when punishments are being carried out. But, I feel like many governments, including but not limited to the United States, disregard ethics once the flashy lights, and cameras are gone, if they even wait for that. But it's not just government, what about people who deny their children food, or throw them in a closet for “misbehaving?” Ethics. Sometimes I think humanity forgot what ethics even defines.
7) If asking how much water I drink everyday was a question you actually wanted an answer to, then my answer is not nearly enough. Probably 2-3 of just plain water.

8) Terms: unconditioned stimulus, conditioned stimulus, unconditioned response, conditioned response, intrinsic value, extrinsic value, valence, reinforcer, context, extinct, behavior, limited value, broad value, punishment,

For your news I would like you to
1) briefly describe/summarize your piece, This article was about president Obama addressing the climate problem in the UN. He talks about how each country plays a role in polluting the air and its causing climate change. He is trying to get countries involved in making a change.
2) tell us what behavior (target behavior) you are using that illustrates reinforcement, Obama giving a speech on climate change
3) tell us what the consequence of the behavior is, other countries are becoming aware of the problem
4) tell us how, that consequence will increase the frequency of the behavior, Obama giving a speck will increases the likelihood that climate change will be something countries begin to focus on changing
5) tell us if the consequence involves the addition of something desirable or if it involves the removal of something undesirable, finally it is adding of people talking about the issue and becoming involved
6) tell us to the antecedent is. Climate change
7) Please then list the ABC's of the behavior
A= climate change
B= Obama gives speech
C= other countries become aware
8) Now state if this is an example of positive reinforcement, or negative reinforcement. Explain why. Positive reinforcement because Obama gives a speech about how pollution is causing climate change and this increases the likelihood that people/other countries will continue to look into the issue
Tell us if it involves extinction, establishing operations, use as many terms from the chapters we have already covered as you can. This article is using positive reinforcing because it talks about Obama giving a speech about the issue of climate change. He is trying to increase the awareness of the problem. This article demonstrated establishing operations because Obama the is taking action and being a strong enforcer and hopefully get a more distinct outcome.
(http://www.huffingtonpost.com/ listed in their news sources) and read, watch, or listen to something that is interesting to you and relates to punishment.
For your news I would like you to
9) briefly describe/summarize your piece, This article is about Osama Bin Ladens son-in-law is finally being tried and sentenced for his threats and attacks against the US.
10) tell us what behavior (target behavior) you are using that illustrates punishment, being charged with life in prison.
11) tell us what the consequence of the behavior is, he will not be able to live a normal life and spending the rest of is life behind bars
12) tell us how, that consequence will decrease the frequency of the behavior, he will no longer make threats and attacks on the US because he will be under supervision in prison for the rest of his life
13) tell us if the consequence involves the addition of something undesirable or if it involves the removal of something desirable, finally it is the removal of his freedom and the addition of being in prison
14) tell us to the antecedent is. Threats against the US
15) Please then list the ABC's of the behavior
A= made threats on US
B= goes to trail
C= gets life in prison
16) Now state if this is an example of positive punishment, or negative punishment. Explain why. Negative punishment because it takes away the mand freedom by putting him in jail
For originality sake, make sure the news pieces you are not using the same pieces of news the other students before you just used.
17) When you are done, copy and paste the URLs at the bottom so we can go and see the sources you used.
18) Once you are done with your post make list of the terms and terminology you used in your post. Positive reinforcement, negative punishment establishing operations

http://www.bbc.com/news/world-29334807
http://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-29331395

After reading section 2.2, please respond to the following questions.
1 a&b) What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why?
I really liked how much detail was put into explaining positive and negative reinforcement. I liked this because it helped me understand it even better than I already did and it informed me more on how the positive reinforcement introduces us to a desirable stimulus and negative reinforcement introduces us to an averse stimulus.
2) What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why?
I don’t think there was anything I didn’t like about this section because most of it was interesting to me or a repeat of what we have been talking about already.
3 a,b&c) What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why?
One thing I will remember from this section is Classical Conditioning. I will remember this because I also read and learned about this in Developmental Psychology. I also think that it was interesting that that the meat powder was an unconditioned stimulus that elicited an unconditioned response, but the bell was a conditioned stimulus that elicited a conditioned response. I thought it was interesting because I wasn’t actually sure the difference between the two but now I know that it’s unconditioned because they are innate and don’t have to be taught to do it but it’s conditioned because the response to was learned.
Another thing that I will remember from this section is Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs. I will remember this because I also learned about this is Developmental Psychology but I also thought that it was interesting that it has everything that we need to survive on it.
I will also remember primary reinforcers are unconditioned and secondary reinforcers are conditioned. I will remember this because it ties into the conditioned and unconditioned stimulus. A primary reinforcer doesn’t require pairing other stimuli to function as a reinforcer whereas a secondary reinforcer requires pairing other stimuli to function as a reinforcer.
After reading section 2.3, please respond to the following questions.
4 a&b) What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why?
I really like that you describe the ethical issues the “dark side” of behavior modification techniques. I liked this because it was different and made me laugh which doesn’t happen during homework.
5) What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why?
I didn’t dislike anything about this section because I like learning about punishment and the different types and ways to use it. Mainly because than I know if it is getting used on me or was used on me and maybe even for the future when I have children of my own.
6 a,b&c) What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why?
I will remember that negative reinforcement involves the removal of a desirable stimulus. I will remember this because while reading it, it made me think of how my dad use to take away my phone so that I would act more respectably and apologizing for getting an attitude and it worked because I wanted my phone back which was the desirable stimulus.
I will also remember immediacy of punishment which is when you have to punish you have to do it immediately after the unwanted behavior occurs. I will remember this because it made sense to me. It made sense because if I were to be punished for something later I wouldn’t be quite sure which behavior was being punished.
Another thing I will remember from this section is that punishment disrupts the operant behavior. I will remember this because the book used the example of kids talking in class to their friends and teachers need the behavior to stop so they disrupt it by calling them out or punishing them for talking during class. This example explains my life, I love talking to my friends and always got in trouble for it in high school, different class though because I learned for a little while in the classes I was called out in.
7) Now that you have been thinking about behavior modification for the past couple of weeks, we will start a mini behavioral observation project. We are going to start recording how many glasses of water we drink each day. You can just write these down on a piece of paper each day (starting today) and we will use your findings next week in one of these assignments. How much water to you think you drink each day?
Ranging from 30 ounces to 62 ounces.
8) Once you are done with your post make list of the terms and terminology you used in your post.
Positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, desirable stimulus, averse stimulus, Classical conditioning, innate, conditioned stimulus, conditioned response, unconditioned response, unconditioned stimulus, elicited, primary reinforcers, unconditioned reinforcers, secondary reinforcers, conditioned reinforcers, stimuli/stimulus, reinforcer, behavior modification, ethical issues, punishment, immediacy of punishment, punish, behavior, operant behavior.

1) I liked that terms like unconditioned and conditioned stimuli were explained and then explained again in context with counterparts like conditioned and unconditioned response and primary and secondary reinforcers and how they function in real life situations and with each other.

2) I didn't like that the difference between classical and operant conditioning weren't really established. I couldn't tell if the terms to follow were all classical conditioning and the positive and negative reinforcement had more to do with operant, or if the unconditioned response was with classical and the conditioned response was with operant conditioning. The same with generalized reinforcer; I am left wondering what the difference between that and an ordinary secondary reinforcer are.

3) I will remember that primary reinforcers are unconditioned and that secondary reinforcers are conditioned because of the Maslow's hierarchy chart that went along with it. Thanks to the review of the repeat terms I will remember that positive reinforcement is the addition of something desireable while negative reinforcement is the removal of something aversive. Finally I will remember that unconditioned stimulus and response are based on primal/innate responses.

4) I enjoyed the clarification on when to use aversive and desirable procedures in every day life. The way we have been talking about punishment and reinforcement it almost seems so set that punishment be used to decrease frequency; instead we could be using differential reinforcement, and in fact, that is probably the better route.

5) I disliked that in the example of the case of water boarding one might assume it is negative reinforcement, which it arguably is from what I could tell, but it seems it could also be positive punishment. I just find that it's hard to reinforce a behavior (talking) that hasn't yet occurred (which would be the point of the water boarding). I think if anything the government would like the reputation of “reinforcement” when really I believe it is more positive punishment, or the addition of a water soaked towel to ones face for the behavior of staying quiet. I would love to receive feedback on whether or not my assumptions are wrong and why. Thanks!

6) I will remember that reinforcement is preferred and more affective because this was reiterated in text as well as discussed in class, likewise I will also remember that punishment needs to be used when a behavior needs to stop immediately because the example of the kid throwing a rock at another kid actually relates to a similar situation in my life. Lastly, I will remember that for punishment to be affective it must be consistent. The parking ticket is a great example of this because of the amount of tickets I have received from UNI already. I can remember specific stages in which I weighed the consequence of parking in a certain spot versus my need to park in a certain spot and how the likelihood decreased slowly over time and amount of tickets.

7) If we are speaking of pure water I probably drink one or two measuring “cups” of water per day. I know I technically need to drink a lot more but there must be a good percentage of water in the other things I drink/eat because I am still alive.

8) aversive, desirable, positive/negative reinforcement, conditioned stimuli, unconditioned stimuli,classical and operant conditioning, unconditioned response, conditioned response, primary reinforcers, secondary reinforcers, function, differential reinforcement, punishment

After reading section 2.2, please respond to the following questions.
1 a&b) What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why?
I really liked that there was places to put examples of positive and negative reinforcement for target behaviors, secondary reinforcers, generalized secondary reinforcers and reinforcers because it helped me to apply the terms to every day situations.
2) What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why?
One thing that I disliked about this section is that the different vocab words seemed to go hand in hand, yet they are opposite, like conditioned vs. unconditioned stimuli. I understand that it needs to be explained this way but it is just hard to keep them apart until you fully understand what they mean.
3 a,b&c) What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why?
a) I’ll remember that positive reinforcement has a desirable stimulus and negative reinforcement removes the aversive stimulus because I have learned them in previous psychology courses.
b) I’ll remember The Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs because of the chart that I am already familiar with.
c) I will remember that reinforcers can have limited and broad value because of the examples given.
After reading section 2.3, please respond to the following questions.
4 a&b) What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why?
In this section I really liked that there was a summary section so I could easily compare positive versus negative punishment because I find myself constantly getting confused when it comes to positive punishment.
5) What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why?
One thing I disliked is that there wasn’t enough examples to make each concept clear. I find it easier to remember material when I can put an example with the term.
6 a,b&c) What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why?
a) I will remember extreme negative reinforcement because of the examples of torture.
b) I will remember that punishment may not make the behavior stop, but it should significantly decrease in order to show that the punishment is working.
c) I will remember that immediacy of punishment is important because I have experienced this with my dog. For example, when I was potty training her and she would pee in the house I had to punish her immediately by picking her up (usually while she was still squatting) and placing her outside because or else she would not understand what she did wrong.

7) Now that you have been thinking about behavior modification for the past couple of weeks, we will start a mini behavioral observation project. We are going to start recording how many glasses of water we drink each day. You can just write these down on a piece of paper each day (starting today) and we will use your findings next week in one of these assignments. How much water to you think you drink each day?
5 16 oz. cups per day
8) Once you are done with your post make list of the terms and terminology you used in your post.
Target behavior, positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, secondary reinforcers, generalized secondary reinforcers, reinforcers, positive punishment, negative punishment, conditioned stimuli, unconditioned stimuli, limited value, broad value, extreme negative reinforcement, punishment, immediacy of punishment

After reading section 2.2, please respond to the following questions.
1 a&b) What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why?
I really liked that there was places to put examples of positive and negative reinforcement for target behaviors, secondary reinforcers, generalized secondary reinforcers and reinforcers because it helped me to apply the terms to every day situations.
2) What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why?
One thing that I disliked about this section is that the different vocab words seemed to go hand in hand, yet they are opposite, like conditioned vs. unconditioned stimuli. I understand that it needs to be explained this way but it is just hard to keep them apart until you fully understand what they mean.
3 a,b&c) What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why?
a) I’ll remember that positive reinforcement has a desirable stimulus and negative reinforcement removes the aversive stimulus because I have learned them in previous psychology courses.
b) I’ll remember The Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs because of the chart that I am already familiar with.
c) I will remember that reinforcers can have limited and broad value because of the examples given.
After reading section 2.3, please respond to the following questions.
4 a&b) What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why?
In this section I really liked that there was a summary section so I could easily compare positive versus negative punishment because I find myself constantly getting confused when it comes to positive punishment.
5) What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why?
One thing I disliked is that there wasn’t enough examples to make each concept clear. I find it easier to remember material when I can put an example with the term.
6 a,b&c) What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why?
a) I will remember extreme negative reinforcement because of the examples of torture.
b) I will remember that punishment may not make the behavior stop, but it should significantly decrease in order to show that the punishment is working.
c) I will remember that immediacy of punishment is important because I have experienced this with my dog. For example, when I was potty training her and she would pee in the house I had to punish her immediately by picking her up (usually while she was still squatting) and placing her outside because or else she would not understand what she did wrong.

7) Now that you have been thinking about behavior modification for the past couple of weeks, we will start a mini behavioral observation project. We are going to start recording how many glasses of water we drink each day. You can just write these down on a piece of paper each day (starting today) and we will use your findings next week in one of these assignments. How much water to you think you drink each day?
5 16 oz. cups per day
8) Once you are done with your post make list of the terms and terminology you used in your post.
Target behavior, positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, secondary reinforcers, generalized secondary reinforcers, reinforcers, positive punishment, negative punishment, conditioned stimuli, unconditioned stimuli, limited value, broad value, extreme negative reinforcement, punishment, immediacy of punishment

After reading section 2.2, please respond to the following questions.
1 a&b) What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why?
One of the things I liked about this section is the reference to Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs. I like this because it is a concept that I am very familiar with. It was nice to see a concept I was familiar with and have a good understanding of and apply it to two new concepts of primary reinforcer and secondary reinforcer; I believe this helped with my understanding of these concepts.
2) What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why?
There was nothing in this section that I didn’t like. I just felt like it was a little repetitive, but in the long run I know this is helping me to better understand the concepts.
3 a,b&c) What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why?
I will remember the reference to Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs and its relationship to primary reinforcers and secondary reinforcers. Primary reinforcers are related to the physiological needs section and secondary reinforcers belong more to the cognitive and aesthetics section. I will remember intrinsic and extrinsic values. Intrinsic values are values that an individual places on something. Extrinsic values are values that others place on something. I will remember these terms because of the example you used of good grades. I will also remember the relationship between reinforcers and limited and broad values. I will remember these terms because of the example of chewing gum being used as a limited reinforcer and effective health care being a broad reinforcer.
After reading section 2.3, please respond to the following questions.
4 a&b) What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why?
I really liked the reiteration of positive punishment and negative punishment at the beginning of this section. I found it helpful because the concepts of positive and negative punishment were still something I am working on remembering and being able to identify.
5) What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why?
There was nothing that I disliked about this section. I found the examples and explanations of punishment in this section to be helpful in my overall understanding of punishment.

6 a,b&c) What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why?
I will remember the difference between positive and negative punishment. I feel that this section really helped to clear those concepts up for me and reiterate what I already knew. I will remember that it is important to be consistent with punishment. If you are not consistent with punishment, the behavior may still continue. The parking ticket example was helpful in demonstration this concept. I will remember that punishment can be different based on culture. The reason I will remember this is because of stories that have been in the news and just my own research on other countries.
7) Now that you have been thinking about behavior modification for the past couple of weeks, we will start a mini behavioral observation project. We are going to start recording how many glasses of water we drink each day. You can just write these down on a piece of paper each day (starting today) and we will use your findings next week in one of these assignments. How much water to you think you drink each day?
I think I drink about 8 glasses of water a day.
8) Terms: positive punishment, negative punishment, consistency, extrinsic values, intrinsic values, primary reinforcers, secondary reinforcers, reinforcers, limited values, broad values

JER

After reading section 2.2, please respond to the following questions.
1 a&b) What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why?
I liked that a lot of this section was review. It was good to go over the information again to clarify understanding. It is extremely important to understand the basics in order to build the new information on those basics. I really enjoyed the specific examples given of positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement.
2) What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why?
There really wasn’t anything I disliked about the way this was written. I had a little trouble distinguishing between the primary, secondary, and generalized reinforcers, so I had to read that part more than once.
3 a,b&c) What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why?
Examples of positive reinforcement could be things as simple as praise for a job well done or a tip for correctly preparing a cocktail. An example of negative reinforcement is lowering an insurance payment for having a clean driving record. The unconditioned responses are those that are not learned, they are innate. A primary reinforcer is a stimulus that does not require pairing to other stimuli to function as a reinforcer. These are biologically relevant stimuli, like food and sex. To remember what a secondary reinforcer is, I should ask myself if the stimulus occurred in absence of any conditioning, would it be reinforcing?
After reading section 2.3, please respond to the following questions.
4 a&b) What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why?
Like the previous section, I really liked the specific examples of positive punishment and negative punishment.
5) What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why?
There was nothing about this section that I disliked.
6 a,b&c) What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why?
The two best tools for behavior modification are positive reinforcement and extinction. For punishment to work, the punishment needs to be aversive enough for the organism to actually stop, or reliably decrease the frequency of the behavior. Controlling the environment to elicit proper behaviors can be very effective and can often be a better solution than punishment, but it is not as immediate as punishment. Punishment disrupts the operant behavior.
7) Now that you have been thinking about behavior modification for the past couple of weeks, we will start a mini behavioral observation project. We are going to start recording how many glasses of water we drink each day. You can just write these down on a piece of paper each day (starting today) and we will use your findings next week in one of these assignments. How much water to you think you drink each day?
3-4 medium to large glasses per day.
8) Once you are done with your post make list of the terms and terminology you used in your post.
Positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, unconditioned response, primary reinforcer, secondary reinforcer, generalized reinforcers, positive punishment, negative punishment, extinction, operant behavior

After reading section 2.2, please respond to the following questions.

1 a&b) What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why?
I like how this section broke down reinforcement. I already understood it but this section broke down positive reinforcement with examples, negative reinforcements with examples, and added the new terms of unconditioned and conditioned stimulus. I liked this because it helped to build onto my previous knowledge and it was easy to understand.

2) What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why? Something I really disliked was the difference between primary and secondary reinforcers. It was just hard for me to tell the difference and keep them straight. I also had a hard time coming up with examples of generalized reinforcers besides the ones already discussed in the section. I couldn’t think of one.

3 a,b&c) What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why?
The first thing I will remember from this section is that everything depends on the context it is being used for the stimulus and giving examples off it. I will also remember not to use the words Positive and negative when it comes to pleasing and adverse instead. These new words mean the same thing but help distinguish between certain things going on in chapter. The third thing I will remember from this section is that Skinner is associated with operant conditioning while Pavlov is a associated with classical conditioning. This is something good to remember because this is the basis for everything we will be studying in the future

After reading section 2.3, please respond to the following questions.

4) What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why? Once again, I enjoyed the section where it restates what negative and positive punishment is. This section helped me clarify the difference between the two and reinforcement

5) What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why? I was a little thrown off about the constant aversion to the topic of punishment. While punishment can be cruel at times, it doesn't always have to be such a negative topic. If we look at things closely, we use punishment plenty of times in our day-to-day lives and they don't always have to be cruel and unusual acts. I felt the section focused more on the negativity of punishment than the act of punishment in itself.

6 a,b&c) What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why? One thing I will remember from this section is the definition of negative punishment, how it involves the REMOVAL of something desirable. I know I will remember this because for some reason I had always mixed it up with negative reinforcement. Another concept I will remember from this section is extinction. I love extinction because I think it truly is amazing how people and even animals handle themselves when a behavior is no longer being reinforced. Lastly, something from this section I will remember is that extreme negative reinforcement is used by the government even to get information from people.

7) Now that you have been thinking about behavior modification for the past couple of weeks, we will start a mini behavioral observation project. We are going to start recording how many glasses of water we drink each day. You can just write these down on a piece of paper each day (starting today) and we will use your findings next week in one of these assignments. How much water to you think you drink each day? It's hard to say how much water I drink each day. If we were talking about how much Diet Mountain Dew I drink each day, that would be an easier question, to which the answer is too much. I always drink my water at home out of the same water bottle and I would assume I drink the whole bottle at most 1.5 times every day.

8) Terms: reinforcement, positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, unconditioned and conditioned stimulus, primary and secondary reinforcers, generalized reinforcers, adverse, Skinner, operant conditioning, classical conditioning,

Section 2.2
1) What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why?
I already knew about classical conditioning and the difference between unconditioned stimuli and responses and conditioned stimuli and responses, so I like the discussion of primary, secondary, and generalized reinforcers. It is important to know that primary reinforcers are ones that do not need to be paired with certain stimuli to function as a reinforcer; a primary reinforcer is an unconditioned reinforcer and they are based on our biology. Primary reinforcers are things such as food, water, sex, etc. Secondary reinforcers, on the other hand, are ones that are conditioned meaning that they are paired with a certain stimulus to elicit the response that makes it a reinforcer. Secondary reinforcers are ones that the environment influences to make us interpret it as a reinforcer, when we would not normally treat it as a reinforcer if it had not been paired with a certain stimulus. For example, money is just paper that would not normally be reinforcing, but society has conditioned us to respond to money as a reinforcer. Another example is grades; grades are simply letters that we are assigned for our work and these would have no meaning to us if society hadn’t paired these grades with punishment or reinforcement when we received them.

2) What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why?
The part of the section that I liked least was trying to come up with so many examples because I really struggled with that. Most of the examples I had were given to us in the reading and then I had a difficult time thinking of more, so hopefully we talk about them in class!

3) What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why?
Three things that I will remember from this section are primary and secondary reinforcers (as described above), generalized reinforcers—these are reinforcers in the sense that they allow someone to gain other reinforcers, for example money is a reinforcer and can be used to buy whatever type of reinforcer that may be most pleasurable to you. I will also remember extrinsic and intrinsic value because some things may be intrinsically valuable to one individual but extrinsically low to others, or something might be intrinsically low in value to someone while it is extrinsically high to others. It is important to keep these values in mind when trying to modify someone’s behavior (or your own) behavior because if the individual does not find the consequence pleasurable, then it will not reinforce their behavior.

Section 2.3
4) What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why?
I thought the whole discussion on punishment was interesting. I thought it was interesting to hear how punishment must be immediate and consistent if you want it to be effective. You must also keep punishing a certain behavior if you want the behavior modification to be effective and that is why punishment can be hard for people to administer—they think that a one-time punishment will be able to sufficiently decrease the target behavior, but then they realize that they must continue administering punishment in a consistent form. This is why reinforcement is a more effective method for behavior modification.

5) What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why?
The part that I liked least about this section was some of the response boxes. It felt like they were discussing more about opinion based questions than academic, behavior-related questions. Then again, they were thought-provoking questions and were interesting to think about.

6) What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why?
I will remember that there is a difference between disrupting the operant behavior and punishment. Disrupting the behavior is a technique you can use to stop an unwanted behavior, and if done correctly, you can do it without upsetting the person who’s behavior you are modifying. Punishment is a continuously administered aversive consequence that is administered after a target behavior that (hopefully) decreases the likelihood of that behavior in the future and usually leaves both parties feeling upset afterwards. I will also remember that punishment is only punishment if the result of the consequence is a decrease in behavior—this is important because we use the word ‘punishment’ in a different sense in our everyday language. Finally, punishment needs to be aversive enough that it will actually decrease the frequency of the behavior.

7) Now that you have been thinking about behavior modification for the past couple of weeks, we will start a mini behavioral observation project. We are going to start recording how many glasses of water we drink each day. You can just write these down on a piece of paper each day (starting today) and we will use your findings next week in one of these assignments. How much water to you think you drink each day?
I already use a water-tracking app, so I drink 75 ounces of water a day (about 3 of my water bottles) and I try to drink 8 ounces of water with each meal.

Terms: Classical conditioning, unconditioned stimulus, unconditioned response, conditioned stimulus, conditioned response, primary reinforcer, secondary reinforcer, generalized reinforcer, elicit, extrinsic value, intrinsic value, reinforcement, punishment

Reading Blog Week 5

Section 2.2
1 a&b) What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why?
I really liked the examples given for positive reinforcement. I thought it was very helpful that the textbook indicated the consequence and the target behavior in each example. This made it easier for me to understand.
2) What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why?
I least liked that this section included Maslow’s hierarchy of needs to explain primary reinforcers. Primary reinforcers do not require pairing with another stimuli to function as a reinforcer. The basic level- water, food shelter- makes since, as these are good examples of primary reinforcers. However, when the pyramid gets closer to the top, these things are not such good examples of primary reinforcers. I thought the hierarchy of needs was not a very good example to include to explain primary reinforcers.
3 What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why?
a) I will remember the difference between positive and negative reinforcement. While it is not as self-explanatory as the words seem, we have discussed and read about it enough that I know that positive means adding something and negative means taking away something aversive.
b) Reinforcement is a way of increasing the likelihood of a person emitting a desirable behavior. I will remember that reinforcement is different than punishment because punishment attempts to decrease the likelihood of an aversive behavior.
c) Intrinsic value and extrinsic value are different. Intrinsic value is more subjective; it is the value an individual places on something. Extrinsic value is the value that other people/most people place on something, so this may vary from your own personal opinion. I thought this was interesting, so it will be easy for me to remember.

Section 2.3
4 a&b) What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why?
From this section, I really liked the analysis of water boarding as a type of reinforcement. It is reinforcement because it is adding something aversive in order to increase a good behavior, which is telling the government the information they need. I do not think it is very ethical, as discussed in the text, however it is a good example of an extreme case of negative reinforcement.
5) What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why?
While I liked reading about the extreme negative reinforcement example of waterboarding, I did not like that it was in this section. I feel that it would fit better in section 2.2 on reinforcement.
6 What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why?
a) I learned that when trying to modify someone’s behavior, it is best to use either positive reinforcement or extinction and modify aversive procedures. I will remember this because I want to try to modify people’s behaviors, and the text explained why it works best to use positive reinforcement, rather than punishment or negative reinforcement, all of which are aversive procedures.
b) I also learned and will remember that something only counts as a punishment if it decreases the undesirable behavior as a consequence. Therefore, a mother taking away her daughter’s cell phone for failing a test is not a punishment if the daughter fails another test the next week. This is interesting to me.
c) I will remember that waterboarding is an example of extreme negative reinforcement because it is increasing the desired target behavior (sharing information) by adding something aversive. This is such an extreme example that I found very interesting so I will remember it well.
7) Now that you have been thinking about behavior modification for the past couple of weeks, we will start a mini behavioral observation project. We are going to start recording how many glasses of water we drink each day. You can just write these down on a piece of paper each day (starting today) and we will use your findings next week in one of these assignments. How much water to you think you drink each day?
I know I drink a lot of water. I think I probably drink more than 100 ounces of water per day.

TERMS: positive reinforcement, target behavior, consequence, primary reinforcers, positive and negative reinforcement, aversive, emitting, intrinsic and extrinsic value, punishment, positive and negative punishment, extincti

1. A. I liked the ideas of primary vs. secondary reinforcers.
B. I liked this idea because I found it interesting. It made me stop and think about things that I find personally reinforcing and why I find them as such.


2. A. I disliked the amount of boxes there were to fill in.
B. As usual, I understand the usefulness of repetition in learning but that doesn't make it any more interesting to do.


3. A. I will remember primary vs. secondary reinforcers because I found them interesting to read and think about.
B. I will remember the meanings and relationships of UCR, UCS, CS, and CR. This is because I have had them taught to me in a few other classes, and a review like this cements the knowledge once again.
C. I will remember that positive reinforcement is adding a pleasurable or desirable stimulus as a consequence of behavior, while negative reinforcement is the removal of an aversive stimulus as a consequence of behavior.

4. A. I really enjoyed the section about the ethics of using behavior modification techniques, water-boarding, and restrictions the APA has put in to place.
B. I used to be a Philosophy major, so I love discussions on topics like ethics. Anything that lets me think about something like that is probably something I'll like.


5. A. I didn't really dislike anything.
B. I was pretty happy from thinking about the ethical implications of behavior modification and torture, this section could have been 10x this length and I wouldn't have minded.


6. A. I will remember that the US considers water-boarding to be negative reinforcement for the purposes of "Advanced Interrogation Techniques" used to get information from military prisoners. I will remember this because it's pretty messed up, and could easily be classified as either positive OR negative punishment, or negative reinforcement depending on how the process was described.
B. I will remember that the APA has policies about the use of torture and the roles that psychologists are allowed to play in certain arenas. I will remember this because it is incredibly interesting from an ethical/philosophical perspective. You could think of and discuss this topic alone for a very long time and still probably not be 100% happy with an answer you come up with. Right and wrong are interesting things to define.
C. I will remember the difference between positive and negative punishment. This is because, as with reinforcement, it is important and it is right there in the name.


7. My water bottle is about 30oz, and I would estimate I drink about 6 to 8 of them a day. This would be roughly 180 to 240 ounces. Google shows that is actually 80 to 120 oz more than I need per day. Let's find out! So far I've had 3 today, so I'm at 90 oz.


8. Terms: positive punishment, negative punishment, punishment, reinforcement, positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, behavior modification, behavior modification techniques, primary reinforcer, secondary reinforcer, unconditioned response (UCR), unconditioned stimulus (UCS), conditioned response (CR), conditioned stimulus (CS), pleasurable/desirable, aversive, stimulus, consequence, behavior

1.) I really liked the flow of the section. There are a lot of very subtle differences among these terms, and this section explains all of them well. This section goes from one term to the next easily and in a manner that makes sense. If I had to choose one specific thing from this section, I liked the Context Matters part. I feel like understanding this is important, and this helps clarify terms from earlier.

2.) I didn’t like Maslow’s pyramid. I get that those are primary reinforces, but the pyramid itself, I thought, was unnecessary. I felt like it was just kind of stuck in the section to fill room, because the discussion of this pyramid was very sparse.

3.) I have always been slightly confused by unconditioned verse conditioned stimulus and responses. Knowing which behavior falls into which category is confusing, but I like the way in which it was explained in this section. The unconditioned stimulus is the thing that naturally elicits a response and the unconditioned is the behavior that is emitted in response to an unconditioned stimulus. The conditioned stimulus is the thing elicits a response but is learned. What has always confused me is the conditioned response. I never could quite figure out exactly which behavior it was. But now I feel like I have a fairly solid idea about the conditioned response. Once again, it is in the context. The conditioned response depends on which stimulus (the unconditioned or the conditioned) elicited the behavior. If it was the unconditioned stimulus, it is simply the unconditioned response, but if it is the conditioned stimulus then it is the conditioned response.

4.) I like how, even though punishment is half of the consequence coin, it is stressed that it should be used sparingly. Manipulating behavior is already walking towards the ethical-unethical line, so emphasizing that punishment is not necessarily the best way to do things, I think is important.

5.) Overall I thought this was good section, there wasn’t anything that I didn’t really like. At first I was thrown by the cultural differences in punishment section, but it began to make sense as to why it was there while reading it. I like how that section flowed in to the society with out punishment section, which I thought was a very interesting idea.

6. I will remember that one must be careful when choosing punishment as a consequence. If at all possible, reinforcement should be used because punishment can get into a hazy ethical area. I will remember disrupting behaviors can be just as effective as punishment. The goal is to stop an unwanted operant behavior, so simply disrupting it rather than punishing it may work just as well. I will also remember the discussion on a society without punishment. I thought it was very interesting to read that one of the most well respected psychologists thought that a utopia without punishment might be able to exist since reinforcement is always preferable to punishment.

7.) I drink from a 32oz water bottle. I would estimate that I probably drink 3 or 4 full water bottles a day.

8.) Reinforcement, conditioned stimulus, conditioned response, unconditioned stimulus, unconditioned response, punishment, operant behvior.

2.2
1. One thing that I really liked about this chapter is how we went over positive versus negative reinforcement. It helped me to understand better the difference.
2. I had an extremely hard time with generalized secondary reinforcer, it wasn’t clicking with me, for some reason.
3. 3 things to remember:
- Pavlov- I will remember him with classical conditioning because of the study he did with his dog, the bell, and the meat. I’ll really remember this because I have heard about it before this class.
- Primary Reinforcer- which has to do with your basic needs. Because your basic needs are primary like they normally come before anything else in your life.
- Secondary Reinforcer- have to do with making your primary reinforcer a reinforcer. For example eating food is a primary reinforcer because hunger is a basic need but the beep of a microwave kind of reinforces the primary reinforcer.
2.3
4. I liked in this chapter the positive versus negative punishment.
5. I didn’t like that there was so much going on in this chapter. I felt like there was a lot of information that I was trying to remember.
6. 3 things to remember
- Positive punishment is when you add an aversive or less desirable stimulus that helps to eliminate an undersirable behavior. I will be able to remember this because positive is adding something and punishment is when you respond with an undesired stimulus to decrease that unwanted behavior.
- Negative punishment is when you remove a desired stimulus with hoping to decrease that behavior. I’ll rememb3er this because negative is removing.
- Extreme negative reinforcement will be remembered because of the example of torturing. So its more extreme than negative reinforcement and torturing is extreme.
6. Honestly I probably only drink about a cup of water a day.
Terminology: Behavior, Classical Conditioning, Primary Reinforcer, Secondary Reinforcer, Reinforcer, Positive Reinforcement, Negative Reinforcement. Generalized Secondary Reinforcer, Positive Punishment, Negative Punishment, Extreme Negative Reinforcement,

After reading section 2.2, please respond to the following questions.
1 a&b) What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why?
I thought this section had a nice flow though it and I enjoyed reading it. The subsections even when they are about different topics they had a nice flow so it connected well.

2) What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why?
There wasn’t too many things I didn’t like about this section but maybe an extra example or two would make the different reinforcement terms easier to remember.

3 a,b&c) What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why?
There was a lot in this section so it was harder to pick 3 than past sections. The first one is that positive reinforcement involves a pleasing stimulus as a behavioral consequence to increase the behavior. A negative reinforcement involves the removal of an aversive stimulus as an behavioral consequence to increase the behavior. A way to remember the difference is that negative reinforcement removes something while positive adds something. The second one is that responses and stimuli can be conditioned and unconditioned. When it is conditioned, they are learned and are associated with a unconditioned stimuli. When it is a response and stimuli that is unconditioned, they are not learned. A good example of this is looking at Pavlov and his dogs. The last one is that there is 3 different types of reinforces primary, secondary, and generalized. Primary and secondary reinforces are connected to unconditioned and conditioned, while generalized is used to acquire other reinforces.
After reading section 2.3, please respond to the following questions.

4 a&b) What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why?
I like that this section was similar to section 2.2 in the way it was designed and written. I like that because it makes going from talking about reinforcement to punishment transition between the topics.

5) What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why?
I didn’t really have a problem with this section as far as I could tell.

6 a,b&c) What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why?
The first thing is like reinforcement, punishment is divided into positive and negative punishment. Positive punishment involves the introduction of an aversive stimulus. Negative punishment involves the removal of an aversive stimulus. The second thing is that when you are using a punisher or reinforcement, you need to take into account if it is ethical or not. I will remember this because of some examples we looked at and just thinking in general what we can do to people that can be good or bad. The third thing is that B.F. Skinner was against the use of punishment favoring effective reinforcement. We live in a culture that seems to favor punishment so it was interesting to me that Skinner would favor reinforcement or punishment and he believed it was possible to live in a society with no punishment.

7) Now that you have been thinking about behavior modification for the past couple of weeks, we will start a mini behavioral observation project. We are going to start recording how many glasses of water we drink each day. You can just write these down on a piece of paper each day (starting today) and we will use your findings next week in one of these assignments. How much water to you think you drink each day?
40-60oz

8) Once you are done with your post make list of the terms and terminology you used in your post.
positive reinforcement, pleasing stimulus, behavioral consequence, negative reinforcement, aversive stimulus, punishment, positive and negative punishment, aversive stimulus,

1 a&b) One thing that I really liked that was in the section was the conditioned and unconditioned stimuli. It is because the experiment conducted to test this was interesting to me and it is really cool to know how a simple thing can elicit a behavior.

2) One thing that I disliked that was in this section was the secondary reinforcer and the generalized secondary reinforcer. To me they were pretty similar, and I tried looking for more explanations on google but still couldn’t seem to differentiate them well enough.

3)
a. I will remember to always use the terms desirable and aversive instead of positive and negative. Because this has been mentioned a lot of times in class, yet on the quiz last week, I panic because I was running short of time and wrote the word negative instead of aversive, and I feel really bad about that.

b. The difference between positive and negative reinforcement. This is because we are constantly reminded of the definitions of each of them, and we have been asked in class to give examples of each of them.

c. The definition of primary reinforcer. Because this makes a lot of sense, and it is easy to remember because it is something that all human beings need. Besides that, the Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs helps explain that a lot and this hierarchy is taught in almost all my psychology courses.

4 a&b) One thing that I really liked that was in this section was the questions on if or how a punishment is effective. A lot of times people punish a behavior for their own benefit but they do not think that the consequences might not be what they desired. And sometimes, people over do it, causing problems. I like how in this section, it explains how intense or quickly a punishment should happen depending on the context. I also like that it explains how we can reduce a behavior by modifying the environment, otherwise known as antecedent, instead of punishing a behavior.

5) There was nothing that I disliked that was in this section. Everything was kind of connected since the beginning of the chapter, and as I read through it, I connect all the pieces together, and it makes a little more sense as I go through the pages.

6 )
a. The difference between positive and negative punishment. Just like what I said in the previous section, these terms have been repeated to us so many times that they should be tattooed in our mind.

b. The frequency of punishment. This happens to us a lot of the times, or at least majority of us have witnessed this situation in which people often repeat a behavior even though they have been punished before. Unless it is an intense punishment, if not it would take some time for a punishment to be effective enough to stop a behavior completely.

c. I will remember the section on disrupting the operant behavior because this happens so frequently in everyone’s life. I see this happen almost everyday, and I do this to my friends too.

7) I do not bring my bottle to class simply because I forgot their existence. My estimation would be roughly 2 to 3 cups a day.

8) Conditioned and unconditioned stimuli, elicit, secondary reinforcer, generalized secondary reinforcer, desirable, aversive, positive and negative reinforcement, primary reinforcer, punishment, behavior, desired, consequences, antecedent, operant behavior

1) I liked at the very beginning of the section, the introduction let the reader know what was coming next. It talked about how a lot of the section might feel like a review but it is important to have this repeated information in order to be able to follow the behavior language. Also, to better understand the new information that is presented throughout this section. I like it because it was almost like a way to reinforce the reader to continue reading the section because it offered a clear reason. I was able to know what to expect and could start to think about the information on a different level because I had already been introduced to many of the topics.
2) I did not like all of the information about conditioned stimulus and responses and unconditioned stimulus and responses because the information was all so similar it was hard to keep everything straight when you are learning about it for the first time. I would have liked if it was divided in a different way in order to take a break in-between the information and be able to process all of it.
3) (a) I will remember that positive reinforcement is introduction of a desirable stimulus, because it has been stated on many different previous occasions. Repetition is one of the best ways to learn a language, so it is something I will be able to remember. (b) Likewise, negative reinforcement is the removal of an aversive stimulus in order to emit a targeted behavior. I will be able to remember this for the same reason that I will be able to remember positive stimulus, repetition. (c) Lastly, I will remember that Classical Conditioning, discovered by Pavlov, was a significant development of scientific behaviorism to be a subfield of psychological research. I will remember this because it is the reason that created what we are studying so everything should be able to be traced back to that study, in a sense.
4) I really enjoyed this section as a whole I felt that all of the information was very interesting. I like how the section provoked me to begin to see punishment as a very depths subject with different levels of intensity that effects the consequences and the behaviors as a whole. The section really helped me to think more abstractly about punishment.
5) I disliked when the section asked about how the section asked us about our feeling toward extreme forms of punishment, such as capital punishment. I disliked this because I feel that it is a very serious and difficult concept that has many different factors involved with it and I still do not know which way I feel to decide on the situation and it frustrates me.
6) (a) Because I found it to be the most interesting, I will remember the information covered in the difference of severity of punishment and how it effects antecedents and consequences differently. (b) In order for a punishment to be successful, the punishment needs to be aversive enough to actually promote change is another piece of information I will remember, because quite often I feel that people think they are providing adequate punishments when in really it is not enough to change a behavior. (c) Lastly, when the section talked about modifying the environment in order to decrease a behavior is another piece of information I will remember because it makes more sense to me to try to fix the situation before it creates a problem.
7) I think I drink an average of three cups of water each day.
8) Terminology Used: behavioral language, positive reinforcement, reinforce, aversive, emit, targeted behavior, unconditioned stimulus, unconditioned response, conditioned response, unconditioned response, antecedents, consequences, punishment, aversive

1. I really liked that unconditioned stimulus, unconditioned response, and conditioned response are well explained in easy English. I struggled to understand those terms when I encountered Pavlov in my Freshman year, I always thought that these terms need to be explained in conversation English instead of technical English that professionals use to write textbooks.
2. I felt like the emphasis of values according to their intrinsic and extrinsic values are not necessary. That section was pointing out the obvious – the same reinforcers work for some people but not others because everyone is different.
3. I will remember the differences between UCS, UCR, and CR, because they were explained very well. I will also remember the differences between primary and secondary reinforcers, because they are important to understand in order to know Pavlov’s work in more details. Lastly, I will remember Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs, because it is a very useful supplementary element in learning about Pavlov.
4. I liked the sections where Skinner was mentioned more. I had always been curious about him but no so curious that I read up on him like I read up on Freud. I am a criminology major as well as psychology, and I have never thought that punishment would do any good in most cases of delinquency. The examples at the end that provided the alternatives to harsh punishment also helped me understand that there are ways around punishments when reinforcements don’t work.
5. I am not quite sure the box that asked us to think about the campus police carrying guns would help us think about behaviour modification as much as politics. The box asking us to think about a world without punishment also baffled me a little bit, I wasn’t quite sure what to think. I don’t have an opinion on it.
6. I will remember that there are alternatives to punishments, because the examples really got me thinking about the way I train my dogs and the way I was raised. Maybe I can teach my dogs some alternatives instead of punishing him. I will also remember that punishments have to be administered immediately after the target behaviour is emitted for optimal results, because the examples made me think about how my dogs won’t stop chewing on books because I never caught him right at the moment he is doing it, and therefore he never learned to not do it. I will also remember the stories regarding Skinner and what he believed in, because the fact that he was so passionate about his area of interest that he wrote a novel based on it is fascinating.
7. I drink a lot of water. A close estimation would be around 3 litres a day.
TERMS: emit, punishment, reinforcement, reinforcer, target behaviour, unconditioned stimulus, unconditioned response, conditioned response, Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs, Skinner, Pavlov, classical conditioning, behaviour modification.

1 a&b) What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why?
I felt comfortable with most of the information presented in this chapter, intro to psych class touch base on reinforcement, stimuli and most of the other topics. This chapter was an easier read than the past chapters because the information wasn’t completely foreign.
2) What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why?
I didn’t particularly dislike anything about this chapter, but the least liked part would be the section dealing with limited vs broad value. It was the newest piece of information since everything else was just expanding on topics I knew something about.
3 a,b&c) What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why?
• Generalized reinforces are paired with other reinforces to gain the reinforcing function. An example from the readings being money, you use money to buy other reinforces.
• Reinforces can have both intrinsic and extrinsic, they are not exclusive terms.
• Primary reinforces are biologically relevant and server to satisfy the basic needs. (water,food,sex,air)


4 a&b) What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why?
The section on extreme negative reinforcement was an interesting read. None of my classes in psychology have really gone into detail about the psychology of torture. The information wasn’t anything too eye-opening but was interesting to read with behavior modification terms.
5) What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why?
My least favorite thing in this section was how much detail was given on all the topics of punishment; abruptness, intensity, immediacy, frequency etc. I felt that some of the sections could have been cut down. More nit-picky then anything, I did enjoy this chapter.
6 a,b&c) What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why?
• Skinner’s book “Walden Two” sounds interesting. Utopian society in which principles of reinforcement are exclusively used to maintain order and harmony amongst all members involved.
• B.F. Skinner was against the use of punishment favoring effective reinforcement.
• Punishments which are less severe may still produce multiple consequences which may decrease the frequency of other behaviors which may not necessarily be undesirable
7) 7-9 Glasses

8) Once you are done with your post make list of the terms and terminology you used in your post.

Reinforcement, stimuli, limit/broad value, generalized reinforcer, primary reinforcer, negative reinforcement, abruptness, intensity, immediacy, frequency.

1 a&b) What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why?
One thing I really liked in this section was how you gave examples to show the difference between positive and negative reinforcement. It can be a little confusing at times because of reinforcement and punishment, but the examples gave me a better understanding of the meanings.

2) What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why?
I didn't really dislike anything, but I guess maybe going over Pavlov's experiment again (psychology major) can get repetitive and a little boring.

3 a,b&c) What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why?
1. Negative reinforcement is the removal of an aversive stimulus. For example, your significant other stops calling you/leaving annoying voicemails after you mow the lawn. 2. Pavlov found that a variety of stimuli can be conditioned to produce a basic reflexive response. He found this after his experiment with the dogs. 3. A generalized reinforcer is a conditioned reinforcer that has obtained the reinforcing by pairing with other reinforcers. You used the example as money being a generalized reinforcer because money is generally a reinforcer for everyone (everyone likes having money).

4 a&b) What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why?
Same as above, I really liked how you separated the meanings between positive and negative punishment. I like how you apply the examples to things that happen every day so it is very easy to understand the meanings of the terminology.

5) What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why?
I did not have any problems with this section, and I liked how all of the material connected to punishment in some way. No dislikes about this section.

6 a,b&c) What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why? 1. An example of negative punishment would be parents taking away a child's guitar (consequence/removal of something pleasant) because the child was playing too loudly (undesirable behavior). 2. If you want the punishment to be effective, you have to punish immediately after the behavior occurs because it will decrease the effectiveness if you wait any amount of time. 3. Punishment also has to be intense enough so the aversive behavior will not occur again.


7) Now that you have been thinking about behavior modification for the past couple of weeks, we will start a mini behavioral observation project. We are going to start recording how many glasses of water we drink each day. You can just write these down on a piece of paper each day (starting today) and we will use your findings next week in one of these assignments. How much water to you think you drink each day? I would say on average that I probably drink at least 3 glasses of water a day.

8) Once you are done with your post make list of the terms and terminology you used in your post.
positive/negative reinforcement, punishment, stimulus, aversive, generalized reinforcer, positive/negative punishment, consequence, behavior,

After reading section 2.2, please respond to the following questions.
1 a&b) What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why?
I liked how this section connected Maslow’s hierarchy of needs to the behavior principle of reinforcement. Though I have learned about both in different classes I have never connected them before.
2) What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why?
I thought that it was slightly confusing when there were two names for unconditioned reinforcer and conditioned reinforcer.
3 a,b&c) What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why?
Limited and Broad values are something that I am going to remember because as I was reading them there was an example of chewing gum and how it wears off and I was chewing gum at the time.
I will remember that difference between unconditioned and conditioned stimulus because it is review from previous classes.
I will remember what a generalized reinforcer is because the example of money was clear and I was able to understand it.
-
After reading section 2.3, please respond to the following questions.
4 a&b) What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why?
I liked the quote from the section that says, “Punishment often elicits unwanted negative emotion towards the person administering the punishment”, because normally the ways that we use punishment do backfire because the person doing it offends us.
5) What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why?
I did not find anything I did not like in this section.
6 a,b&c) What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why?
-The best time to do the punishment is immediately following the target behavior because it is more likely to decrease then and not continue.
-The intensity of the punishment plays a role because if the punishment is not harsh enough it will not have an effect on the behavior.
-Distraction can be a form of punishment because it ‘drives away the unwanted behavior”.

7) Now that you have been thinking about behavior modification for the past couple of weeks, we will start a mini behavioral observation project. We are going to start recording how many glasses of water we drink each day. You can just write these down on a piece of paper each day (starting today) and we will use your findings next week in one of these assignments. How much water do you think you drink each day?
I think that I drink at least 3 glasses of water a day.
8) Once you are done with your post make list of the terms and terminology you used in your post.
punishment, target behavior, elicits, generalized reinforcer, limited value, broad value, unconditioned reinforcer, conditioned reinforcer

1 a&b) What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why?
I liked learning the difference between primary reinforcers and secondary reinforcers. I did not realize that there could be so much of a difference between the two. Seeing primary as first order needs such as things for survival is very clear compared to secondary which the book describes as conditioned reinforcers and using all the pet examples for it.
2) What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why?
One thing that I didn’t disliked, but I was uneasy about is limited vs broad value. It isn’t really clear cut, because someone could see something as limited and I could see it as the opposite. Or even I could get more out of something making it broad for me. For example, if someone gives a speech and someone just doesn’t get a lot out of it and I really loved it and refer to it constantly in my life.
3 a,b&c) What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why?
Primary reinforcers are immediate needs and secondary reinforcers are conditioned reinforcers, Pavlov's experiment and explanation of classical conditioning, and context matters and some things can lose reinforcement based on different context
4 a&b) What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why?
I liked the example on immediacy on punishment. The fact the punishment needs to be immediate in order to be effective and the stealing the beer example was pretty funny.
5) What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why?
The talk about extreme negative punishment. I know it can kind of be an uneasy topic for people to discuss especially when you bring in torture and talk about the ethics behind it.
6 a,b&c) What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why?
For punishment to be effective, you have to do it right after the behavior occurs, punishment needs to be consistent to be effective, and positive punishment involves the addition of something aversive while negative punishment involves the removal of something desirable
7) Now that you have been thinking about behavior modification for the past couple of weeks, we will start a mini behavioral observation project. We are going to start recording how many glasses of water we drink each day. You can just write these down on a piece of paper each day (starting today) and we will use your findings next week in one of these assignments. How much water do you think you drink each day?
My room is right by a drinking fountain so I take a lot of just drinks coming to and from class and things like that so it’s tough to put an “amount of glasses” guess because it usually isn’t consumed in glasses. I also drink a lot of water when I workout and usually just use the water fountain there too. If I had to guess in just glasses probably 3-4 a day and if you include trips to the water fountain probably 6-7 “glasses”.
8) Once you are done with your post make list of the terms and terminology you used in your post.
Primary reinforcers, secondary reinforcers, conditioned reinforcer, limited value, broad value, classical conditioning, context, reinforcement, immediacy of punishment, extreme negative punishment, punishment, behavior, consistent, positive punishment, negative punishment, aversive, desirable

Please read sections 2.2 (Reinforcement) and 2.3 (Punishment)
Please fill out the boxes in the readings you may be quizzed on them in class.
After reading section 2.2, please respond to the following questions.
1 a&b) What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why?
I liked that is section 2.2 it covered the difference between primary reinforcer’s, and secondary reinforcers. This is something that confused me in the past and I was happy to have it explained again and then “tested” in the boxes that we write in.

2) What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why?
The beginning of this section was a little slow. We had been talking about reinforcement for a long time and I felt that it was “beating a dead horse” by repeating some of the information that we had already learned.

3 a,b&c) What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why?
A) I will remember that reinforcement is introducing or removing a stimulus in order in increase a behavior. I will remember this because it has been drilled into us since intro to psychology.
B) I will remember that primary reinforcers are those which fulfill are most basic needs of air, water, food, and sex. Also, that secondary reinforcers are associated with primary reinforcers and they are conditioned. I will remember this because this was a confusing concept to me before I read
this chapter and this section cleared it up.

C) Reinforcer can have both intrinsic and extrinsic value. An easy way to remember this is the drug example used in the book. Because of addiction and withdrawal it is easy to understand how its value can change depending on the circumstance.

After reading section 2.3, please respond to the following questions.
4 a&b) What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why?
I liked that is section 2.3 we were supposed to write down three behaviors that we might ordinarily punish that could be changed by switching the antecedent to reduce the behavior. This made me think about how I could apply this technique in my own life when trying to punish my cat fro jumping on the counter. Instead I could giver her a perch near the counter that she can sit on to watch me. Then we would both be happy.
5) What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why?

6 a,b&c) What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why?
A) Punishment must be applied right away in order for it to be effective. The book had a cute story about how to effectively stop your roommate from stealing your beer, this helped me remember why punishment must be applied right away.
B) If punishment is to be used, it should be abrupt, have the appropriate intensity and be consistent. This is easy to remember, especially the appropriate intensity part because it is easy to think of all of the scary things that could happen when people are punished to intensely for certain behaviors.
C) Using the technique of disrupting operant behaviors can be an effective alternative to punishment. I will remember this because of the example of what to do when a child is acting up. It is a less aversive alternative for both parties.
7) Now that you have been thinking about behavior modification for the past couple of weeks, we will start a mini behavioral observation project. We are going to start recording how many glasses of water we drink each day. You can just write these down on a piece of paper each day (starting today) and we will use your findings next week in one of these assignments. How much water to you think you drink each day?
Because this assignment reminds us to drink water, therefore eliciting water drinking behavior, I believe that I will emit more water drinking behavior than normal. I will probably drink an average of three water bottles a day.


8) Once you are done with your post make list of the terms and terminology you used in your post.

Punishment, elicit, emit, primary reinforcer, secondary reinforcer, intrinsic value, extrinsic value, aversive,


Section 2.2 Reinforcement
1 a&b) One thing I really liked in this section was the breakdown of classical conditioning and how those principles relate to operant conditioning. Since AP Psychology in high school, I’m a senior now, I have constantly gotten UCS, UCR, CS, and CR mixed up mainly because behavior has always been a brief mention but not the focus.

2) The thing that I liked least was the concept of a generalized reinforcer. Money made sense, but everything else that could possibly be considered a generalized reinforcer seemed to have flaws.

3 a,b&c) Three things I will remember from the reading:
a. A primary reinforcer is an unconditioned reinforcer. In other words it does not need to be paired with another stimulus to function as a reinforcer. This is important to remember because primary reinforcers need to be paired with secondary reinforcers during some reinforcement procedures
b. Conversely, a secondary reinforcer is a conditioned stimulus, such as a bell or clicker for an animal. It does not have meaning as a reinforcer unless it is paired with another stimulus. This is important to know because in order to elicit a desired behavior the right type of reinforcers need to be paired.
c. Limited vs. broad value reinforcers. Limited value reinforcers will wear off quickly and they work in limited contexts, broad value reinforcers on the other hand work in a variety of contexts and have wide value. I will remember this because context is super important as it changes the value of a reinforcer, the time and effort put into reinforcement could be pointless if the reinforcer is not correct for the situation.

Section 2.3 Punishment
4 a&b) The part I really liked in this section was the concept of changing an antecedent so a punishment is not necessary. Punishment is awful to receive but sometimes just as awful to implement. Rather than going for the quick fix, being creative can fix the behavior before it even starts and may have a stronger impact than the punishment anyway.

5) The part I liked least was the intensity of punishment. I think punishment should only be used if absolutely necessary now that I know the option and function of reinforcement. Some behaviors are so bad, how do you find a punishment equal enough to it that doesn’t seem just as bad as the behavior.

6 a,b&c) What are three things I will remember:
a. Punishments have to be specifically targeted otherwise you run the risk of decreasing the frequency of other behaviors and not changing the behavior of interest. The waitress example was really interesting because the behavior modification in those contexts is primarily punishment.

b. Though there are occasions when punishment is necessary because reinforcement would take too long, finding situations where the antecedent could fix this issue is just as important. I will remember this because rather than potentially causing other unwanted behaviors, this eliminates them almost completely.

c. Another option is to disrupt the operant behavior. This is interesting because it happens so often you wouldn’t think of it as a controlled way to change behavior. I will remember this because of the example in the book but also because it a fairly easy way to change behavior without the individual or animal knowing that that is the intention.

7) I believe I drink between 5-7 cups of water a day.

8) reinforcer, punishment, reinforcement, elicit, behavior, primary reinforcer, secondary reinforcer, limited value, broad value, unconditioned stimulus, conditioned reinforcer.

After reading section 2.2, please respond to the following questions.

1 a&b) What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why?
I liked that the example of Pavlov's experiment was used to demonstrate unconditioned and conditioned stimulus as well as unconditioned and conditioned response. This is helpful because it tends to be something that most psychology students are familiar with

2) What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why?
I didn't particularly dislike anything in this section, but if I had to pick it would be the confusion around secondary reinforcers. This is a hard topic for me to grasp because it is a bit confusing

3 a,b&c) What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why?
I will remember intrinsic and extrinsic value, conditioned and unconditioned stimulus, and primary reinforcers. These are all review from previous psychology courses, so it isn't difficult to remember.

After reading section 2.3, please respond to the following questions.

4 a&b) What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why?
I will remember "extreme negative punishment" because it is such a strange subcategory. I will remember this because didn't know there was anything higher than negative punishment.

5) What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why?
I didn't particularly like the section about a society without punishment because it seems a bit obvious that our society would be running astray without any punishment.

6 a,b&c) What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why?
I will remember positive punishment because its ADDING an aversive stimulus, I will remember negative punishment because its SUBTRACTING a desirable stimulus, and I will remember the effectiveness of punishment because it's pretty self-explanitory.

7) Now that you have been thinking about behavior modification for the past couple of weeks, we will start a mini behavioral observation project. We are going to start recording how many glasses of water we drink each day. You can just write these down on a piece of paper each day (starting today) and we will use your findings next week in one of these assignments. How much water to you think you drink each day?
If we are measuring each glass in 8 oz, I probably drink about 8 glasses a day (64 oz)

8) Once you are done with your post make list of the terms and terminology you used in your post.
Unconditioned stimulus, conditioned stimulus, unconditioned response, conditioned response, secondary reinforcement, intrinsic and extrinsic value, positive reinforcement, extreme negative punishment, positive punishment, negative punishment

2.2

What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why?
One thing I liked about this section was that when examples were given to help explain materials parenthesis were included after certain examples of vocabulary terms we have discussed in previous sections and in class. This was helpful to get me thinking of ways that I can replace certain broad terms I use with the specific vocabulary word.
Example: Receiving a $5 tip (consequence) from a bar customer for making their cocktail according to their specifications (target behavior).
What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why?
One think that I think could be improved in this section is when conditioned and unconditioned stimuli are discussed. I think it would be helpful to include a diagram in this part because it got a little bit wordy and hard to understand for me. I got out a piece of paper and drew a diagram and that helped me to understand it a bit better. Although, I am a visual learner in certain situations so that is why I think this would be helpful for me.
What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why?
One thing I will remember is that just because we cover information more than once throughout different sections of the book, doesn’t mean that is a waste of our time to read it. It is useful to review because much of the stuff we learn in behavior modification builds on itself, so reviewing material will make other material easier to understand in the future. I will also remember that when talking about reinforcement, we use the words pleasing and aversive to describe the type of reinforcement, not positive and negative because we will be using those words to describe situations elsewhere in our reading. Lastly, I will remember what reinforcement is because it is a large part of behavior modification so it is good to review and keep reinforcement straight from punishment. Reinforcement is when a consequence following a response or behavior causes that behavior to increase in the future. There are also 2 types of reinforcement positive and negative.

2.3

What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why?
One thing I found interesting about this chapter was the discussion on waterboarding and how this form of negative punishment is found to be extremely unethical by many people. Also, the APA has enacted policies so that certain types of interrogation that is unethical is not used. I have heard of these types of interrogation before but I never thought of it from a negative punishment stand point, that is why I enjoyed that section of the text. Using examples from our society helps to understand it better.
What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why?
Not that I disliked this section, but rather it got me thinking. The question in the section, why do you think we use punishment so much? This made me a little disappointed. I wish parents especially would switch from using forms of punishment to using forms of reinforcement. Since I am a nanny, I know first-hand that using reinforcement works much better with the children I work with then punishment does. So, I dislike that people think punishment is more effective when in reality I don’t think it is.
What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why?
Like I mentioned earlier because reinforcement and punishment are such a large part of behavior modification, I will also remember what punishment is. Punishment is when an aversive stimulus is added after an undesirable behavior is emitted in order for that behavior to no reoccur in the future. I will also remember that punishment is viewed by some as manipulation which gives it an unfavorable connotation. However, we should avoid using aversive punishments because these are unethical and just mean. Lastly, I will remember that in order for punishment to work it must be aversive enough that the person of thing will stop the behavior. If Johnny doesn’t mind getting his phone taken away, that won’t necessarily do anything to discontinue his undesirable behavior.

Now that you have been thinking about behavior modification for the past couple of weeks, we will start a mini behavioral observation project. We are going to start recording how many glasses of water we drink each day. You can just write these down on a piece of paper each day (starting today) and we will use your findings next week in one of these assignments. How much water to you think you drink each day?
I try to drink quite a bit of water everyday but I definitely don’t drink as much as I want. I believe I drink 50 oz. of water a day. I am interested to see how much I really do!
Punishment, reinforcement, emit, aversive, conditioned stimulus, unconditioned stimulus, unconditioned response, conditioned response, pleasing

After reading section 2.2, please respond to the following questions.
1 a&b) What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why?
-I really liked the use of diagrams and examples that we had to fill out ourselves, it made the material a lot easier to understand.
2) What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why?
-I understand everything that I read in this section, therefore there isn't anything I disliked about section 2.2.
3 a,b&c) What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why?
-I will remember that positive reinforcement is introducing a desirable stimulus, because this has been repeated over and over. I will remember negative reinforcement is the removal of an aversive stimulus, because this has been repeated over and over. And I will also remember that context dictates whether or not a primary or secondary reinforcer has reinforcing properties because this was explained in detail.

After reading section 2.3, please respond to the following questions.
4 a&b) What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why?
I really liked the use of diagrams and examples that we had to fill out ourselves, it made the material a lot easier to understand.
5) What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why?
-I understood everyone I read in this section therefore there wasn't anything that I disliked about section 2.3.
6 a,b&c) What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why?
-I will remember that positive punishment involves the addition of an aversive stimulus and negative punishment involves the removal of a desirable stimulus because this has been repeated over and over. I will also remember that for punishment to be effective it needs to occur right after the unwanted behavior occurs.
7) Now that you have been thinking about behavior modification for the past couple of weeks, we will start a mini behavioral observation project. We are going to start recording how many glasses of water we drink each day. You can just write these down on a piece of paper each day (starting today) and we will use your findings next week in one of these assignments. How much water to you think you drink each day?
-I think I will emit the behavior of drinking at least 3 or four glasses of water a day.
8) Once you are done with your post make list of the terms and terminology you used in your post.
behavior, stimulus, aversive, desirable, negative punishment, positive punishment, negative reinforcement, positive reinforcement, emit, primary reinforcer, secondary reinforcer

1 a&b) What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why?

One thing I liked was the distinction between positive and negative reinforcers. Positive meaning we add something, negative meaning we’ll take something away (kind of like the math symbols + -). The same will be true for punishment when we get into that; so I feel comfortable with that.
2) What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why?
The concept of ‘secondary reinforcer’ was difficult to comprehend at first. Putting things into the context of dog training has helped me with some of these. If I understand correctly the command ‘heel’ or ‘come’ can be a secondary reinforcer because it’s usually been associated with the primary reinforcer food.
3 a,b&c) What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why?
In many ways a secondary reinforcer is a stimuli that functions as an antecedent that elicits a behavior and the consequence is a primary reinforcer.
A direct quote from the book I’ll remember in order to help me understand this is: If this stimulus occurred in absence of any conditioning, would it be reinforcing?
Conditioning is a process of pairing a stimulus with a reinforcer so that when the stimulus is presented the behavior will occur that would create the reinforcer. (e.g. bell, dog comes, dog expects food)
After reading section 2.3, please respond to the following questions.
4 a&b) What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why?
I really liked the section on disrupting the operant behavior. As I was reading it I could envision a teacher being able to use these techniques to keep his or her class attentive.
5) What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why?
There could probably be a whole chapter on the ethics of behavior modification. We touched on the topic lightly during this section but, the importance of being ethical truly does merit a deeper philosophical discussion. Understanding this information and knowing how to apply it is almost like a superpower.
6 a,b&c) What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why?
We need to be ethical in our use of behavior modification. There is a ‘do no harm’ principle that comes with the understanding of this information.
For a punishment to be effective it needs to occur soon after (the sooner the better) the target behavior occurs.
Punishment can elicit negative feelings about the person who gives the punishment. This ruins relationships and makes future endeavors even harder to accomplish. We always want to use reinforcement instead of punishment whenever possible.
All of these are important in building positive relationships through ethical actions.
7) Now that you have been thinking about behavior modification for the past couple of weeks, we will start a mini behavioral observation project. We are going to start recording how many glasses of water we drink each day. You can just write these down on a piece of paper each day (starting today) and we will use your findings next week in one of these assignments. How much water to you think you drink each day?
I think I’ll drink 4 to 6 glasses of water per day.
8) Once you are done with your post make list of the terms and terminology you used in your post.
Positive reinforcer, negative reinforce, elicit, antecedent, behavior, consequence, secondary reinforce, primary reinforcer, stimuli, operant behavior, target behavior,

1. I really liked how they explained negative reinforcement and the examples that the gave for it. I was really confused about examples that I have heard before, and confused as to why they weren't considered punishment. These examples and the way that it was explained though, help me understand it better and helped me see the difference between the two.

2. What I didn't like about this chapter was defining primary and secondary reinforcers. They confused me and the way that each description and examples were put, also made me confused. At some points I felt like it was unclear to me.

3. Three things that I will remember from this chapter are:
A: What a negative reinforcer is and how to identify one.
B: Ivan Pavlov and Classical Condition
C: The use of a bell for the stimulation of a dog drooling because he associates it with food, also found by Pavlov.

4. I like how it talked about waterboarding and said they psychologists were involved to make sure that people maintain ethical conduct. I think it is important in these situations to have someone overview and know what they are doing with techniques such as modifying a behavior, and pursue the correct way to do it.

5. I don't like how I feel like punishing is going to be a confusing thing. It seems very complicated from every angle of when to use it, when not to, how strong of a punishment, and I am interested to learn more because this was a big overview and I would like to go more in depth than this section did.

6. Three things I will remember:
A: Some punishment may increase the undesired behavior or other undesired behaviors.
B: Punishment needs to be ethical and often times psychologists are involved to make sure that it is.
C:B.F Skinner was against punishment and didn't think that we needed it.

7. I think that I drink right around 8 glasses of water a day.

8. punishment, Skinner, ethical, psychologists, behavior, modifying a behavior, negative reinforcer, Pavlov, classical conditioning, stimulation, primary and secondary reinforcers.

1)What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why?
-I really like how they went into detail when describing what a positive reinforcement is along with negative reinforcement. They gave good examples. Also, they went into great detail about the other topics in section 2.2. including unconditioned stimulus and conditioned stimulus along with what a primary reinforcer is. I like how they go into detail because it helps me to understand it better.
2) What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why?
- I liked the boxes it was just hard to come up with examples for each box. Its hard to think of the examples when you just started looking at the section.
3) What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why?
- I will remember that negative reinforcement is the removal of something because Ive always thought that punishment is the removal of something so I learned that I was wrong and I will remember that reinforcement is the removal of something instead of punishment. I will also remember that a secondary reinforcer is known as a conditioned stimulus. Also, I will remember that positive reinforcement is when were introducing a desirable stimulus.
Section 2.3
4) What was one thing that you really liked that was in this section? Why?
-I like this section because it goes into a lot of detail and explains each subsection throughly.
5) What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why?
-The thing I liked least would probably be coming up with examples of each topic because its hard to think of them on the spot. So i usually read it and then come back and fill it out.
6) What are three things you will remember from what you read in this section? Why?
-One thing that I will remember is that positive punishment involves the addition of something and I will remember that because for the longest time I thought it was the removal of something and so I was finally corrected. I will also remember that negative punishment is the removal of something, I will remember that negative punishment and negative reinforcement both involve the removal of something. Extreme negative reinforcement is something I will remember because the example of how Us soldiers began water boarding to interrogate enemy combatants is pretty hard to forget.
7) Now that you have thinking about behavior modification for the past couple of weeks, we will start a mini behavioral observation project. We are going to start recording how many glasses of water we drink each day. You can write these down on a piece of paper each day (starting today) and we will use your findings next week in one of these assignments. how much water do you think you drink each day?
-I probably drink 2 to 3 glasses of water a day.
8) Once you are done with your post make a list of the terms and terminology you used in your post.
-positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, stimulus, unconditioned, conditioned, primary reinforcer, secondary reinforcer, positive punishment, negative punishment, extreme negative reinforcement

1. One thing I really enjoyed in this section (2.2) is how we transitioned from Operant Conditioning to learning about Classical Conditioning, and how that concept relates to reinforcement. I recall learning about Pavlov's dog in Intro, and it was cool how the unconditioned stimulus (US) is actually a primary reinforcer and the conditioned stimulus (CR) is actually a secondary reinforcer.

2. One thing I disliked was the Wiki definition given for generalized reinforcer. I found it muddy and unclear. After re-reading and reviewing the examples given, I left confused if generalized reinforcers could only be related to money & economics.

3. First off, I will remember that responses and stimuli are conditioned when they have to be learned. It reminds me of all my days as a high school athlete training for a sport; the first few weeks of getting in shape were always called "conditioning". Picking up new techniques, honing our skills, and teaching our bodies to move in new ways to become faster, better, or stronger. Secondly, I will remember that primary reinforcers satisfy basic needs and are biologically relevant. The word primary reminds me of "primitive" which reminds me of innate, or instinctual. Of course our bodies need to eat, sleep, drink, breathe, etc. Lastly, I will recall the difference between intrinsic and extrinsic value. Intrinsic sounds like "internal" -- what value does something personally have to you? Extrinsic sounds like "external" -- what value does the external world place on something?

4. One thing I really liked from Section 2.3 was how much it asked us to share our personal opinion. The questions elicited some deep reflection, especially regarding the concept of punishment and where you stand on the issue. It was also cool to consider which behavior modification technique you lean more toward - reinforcement or punishment - and it forced you to evaluate the benefits and drawbacks of each. When each is effective and appropriate, etc.

5. One thing I disliked was it seemed the section was in complete opposition of punishment altogether. Like B.F. Skinner, I believe reinforcement is often the better option and will ultimately be more effective. However, I do believe punishment is appropriate and even necessary in certain situations to decrease a target behavior, such as placing a child in time-out after they have stolen a toy from the hands of their brother or sister.

6. First off, I will remember that keeping behavior procedures ethical is essential! There is always controversy, from local court up to Supreme Court Cases, regarding the use of punishment and where it crosses the line. Just look at child abuse or the debate over spanking! But to put an interesting spin on things, it was enlightening to also learn how negative reinforcement can be aversive and unethical as well, such as the inhumane water boarding example. Secondly, I will remember that in the context of punishment, it must be immediate, appropriately intense, and consistent. In light of recent current events swirling in the news, you have to examine the circumstances and consider the appropriate level of intensity. In the in-text examples, they referenced punishment as appropriate in harm of self or others, and these recent events brought that to mind. Lastly, I will remember that disrupting the operant behavior can be an effective alternative to punishment. That reminds me of the summers I've spent as a camp counselor; we are taught during staff training to use a technique called "distract and redirect" when dealing with disobedient or uncooperative campers. So for example, if a child is messing with their shoelaces instead of taking part in the craft, I might assign him a responsibility or "job" so he feels special and included - like helping me cut little pieces apart. If Camper 1 is so outrageously angry and just fuming at Camper 2 because he stole his socks, and he's about to punch him, I might ask Camper 1 to take a walk with me. The point is to distract their attention and redirect it elsewhere, channeling it in a healthy way. That way, they partake in a desirable behavior instead (DRO - differential reinforcement of other).

7. I estimate that I drink the recommended amount of water each day - around 8 glasses or 64 fl. oz.

8. Terms: operant conditioning, classical conditioning, reinforcement, unconditioned stimulus (US), primary reinforcer, conditioned stimulus (CS), secondary reinforcer, generalized reinforcer, responses, stimuli, conditioned, intrinsic value, extrinsic value, elicited, behavior modification, punishment, target behavior, behavior procedures, negative reinforcement, aversive, operant behavior, desirable, DRO - differential reinforcement of other.

After reading section 2.2, please respond to the following questions.

1) What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why?

I liked all of the good examples that this section provided for me so that I could better understand some of the concepts. When there are lots of examples, and each concept is explained in detail, it really helps me.

2) What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why?

One thing that I didn’t like about this section was trying to understand what a secondary reinforcer is. I don’t really get the difference between primary and secondary reinforcers.

3) What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why?

One thing I will remember from this section is that Skinner is associated with operant conditioning and Pavlov is associated with classical conditioning. I will also remember that positive reinforcement is introducing a pleasant stimulus as a behavioral consequence to increase the behavior, while a negative reinforcement is the removal of an aversive stimulus as a behavioral consequence to increase the behavior. The third thing that I will remember is that reinforcers can have both intrinsic and extrinsic value. I will remember these things because they are explained well and I have learned about these concepts before.

After reading section 2.3, please respond to the following questions.

4) What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why?

Like I said about the previous section, I liked that there were examples and opportunities for me to practice the concepts.

5) What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why?

There wasn’t anything that I disliked about this section because I understood the concepts well.

6) What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why?

One thing I will remember from this section is that positive punishment involves the introduction of an aversive stimulus, while negative punishment involves the removal of a desirable stimulus. I will also remember that whatever you use, whether it be punishment or reinforcement, it needs to be ethical. I will also remember that punishment should be abrupt, have the appropriate intensity, and be immediate and consistent. I will remember these things because this section was not hard for me to understand.

7) Now that you have been thinking about behavior modification for the past couple of weeks, we will start a mini behavioral observation project. We are going to start recording how many glasses of water we drink each day. You can just write these down on a piece of paper each day (starting today) and we will use your findings next week in one of these assignments. How much water to you think you drink each day?

I probably drink about five or six glasses of water each day.

8) Once you are done with your post make list of the terms and terminology you used in your post.

Punishment, reinforcement, aversive, desirable/pleasant, positive punishment, negative punishment, operant conditioning, classical conditioning, positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, consequence, behavior, reinforcers, secondary reinforcer

Reading Activity Week 5

Section 2.2
1) What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why?
The part thing I liked most about this section was the information on Pavlov’s dogs. I have heard about Pavlov’s dogs before and I always find the concept of classical conditioning really interesting. Pavlov noticed that whenever he had meat powder, the dogs would salivate. So he started to pair the meat powder with the sound of a bell ringing. Whenever he brought out the meat powder, he would also ring the bell. Without consciously knowing it, the dogs paired the meat powder and the bell. And after some work, they would salivate at just the sound of the bell, without even having to see or smell the meat powder. I just find it so interesting that we can train animals to respond in a certain way without them even knowing why. There is no meat powder there. They cannot smell food. So they must be responding simply because they have learned that the bell means food.

2) What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why?
The thing I liked least about the section was the information on unconditioned and conditioned responses and stimuli. I do think the information in that section will be very helpful. But it was hard for me to read through. I felt that there were too many important vocabulary terms to take in at once. Maybe it was an information overload that made it hard for me to read. Or maybe it was how similar all the terms were. We were given unconditioned stimulus, unconditioned response, conditioned stimulus, and conditioned response all in the same paragraph. I just wish the terms were more spread out from one another. Too much information in one little part of a section is not helpful for me when I am learning. I don’t want to have to comb and re-read sentences because they don’t make sense to me. And in this part of the section I had to do that because it was an information overload with too many similar terms.

3) What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why?
a. The first thing I will take from this section is the difference between operant conditioning and classical conditioning. I have heard both of these terms before since I am a psychology major, but I don’t think I had ever distinguished between the two types. Operant conditioning is when a person uses reinforcements or punishments to increase or decrease the likelihood of a certain behavior. But classical conditioning is when two stimuli are paired to make a behavior happen more often. For example, Pavlov trained his dogs to salivate whenever they heard the ringing of a bell. This was an unconscious behavior. But with enough work, Pavlov was able to take away the food factor, and the dogs still salivated – even when the only stimulus they had was the ringing bell. These are two very interesting terms, and I think it is important that we distinguish between them for this course.
b. The second thing I will take from this section is the difference between conditioned stimulus and conditioned response. Concerning Pavlov’s dog experiments, the bell was considered the conditioned stimulus. The conditioned stimulus is what elicits the drooling in the dogs. And the drooling is the conditioned response to the bell. After being introduced to the conditioned stimulus, we should see the conditioned response if everything goes as planned and if behavior is modified. These are both “conditioned” because they are both learned. I think these will have a lot of importance in learning about behavior modification because they deal directly with eliciting certain behaviors and learning how to best elicit those behaviors.
c. The third thing I will take with me from this section is the difference between intrinsic and extrinsic value. Intrinsic value is the importance that an individual puts on something. And extrinsic value is the importance that we, as a society, put on something. Intrinsic and extrinsic values are both good to remember when talking about reinforcers. These show that different things have different value to all people, on an individual level and a societal level. As humans, we all have different values and beliefs, so these will always be good to keep in mind.

Section 2.3
4) What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why?
The thing I really liked about this section was the information on the ethics of behavior modification. With anything you do, there is a code of ethics involved. In everyday life there is a code of ethics you should follow. When you are trying to change a person’s behavior, there is definitely a code of ethics. You need to always remember to do the right thing, especially when others are involved. When dealing with a person’s behavior you have to treat them in a humane and just way. I like that this section brought ethics into the discussion. I also really liked that it brought up our government interrogations and how inhumane they can be. If we are trying to elicit a behavior from someone (even an enemy) we should not be cruel about doing so.

5) What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why?
The part in this section that I didn’t really care for was the part about immediacy of punishment. I liked the concepts and ideas, but I felt it was too similar to the abruptness of punishment. I understand why immediacy of punishment is important, but isn’t it kind of the same thing as the abruptness of punishment? Punishment must be abrupt and immediate. I understand both, but I have a hard time differentiating between them.

6) What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why?
a. The first thing I will take from this section is the idea that the severity of the punishment depends on the severity of the behavior. I think that this is important to remember when learning about behavior modification and I also think it’s important to use in all other aspects of life as well. If a behavior is extremely undesirable (murdering someone), then the punishment should obviously be more severe. If we don’t follow this simple rule, we may use punishment in a way that will prove to be ineffective. I feel that too harsh or too less of a punishment will not get the results that we want. So we always need to consider just how severe the punishment should be.
b. Another thing I will take from this section is the abruptness of punishment. The example the section gives is when a child is throwing rocks at other children. Waiting to reinforce the child for a good behavior would not be worth the wait because we need to child to stop the behavior as soon as possible. So in cases like this, we need to use a punishing behavior. In cases like that, we don’t really have a choice. When the behavior needs to be stopped quickly, punishment is the best way to do so.
c. The third thing I will take from this section is the idea that punishment much be consistent. For a punishment to take any sort of effect, it must happen every time the aversive behavior occurs. I think that this concept will be especially important for me to take with me throughout my own life experiences. When I read this, the first thing I thought of was parenting. When you punish a child for something, you must punish them every time that aversive behavior occurs, or they will not effectively understand what you are trying to teach them.

7) How much water to you think you drink each day?
I have a water bottle that I carry around with me every day. On the side of that water bottle it has different levels of measurement so you can tell how much you have drank. I think that, on average, I drink about half of my water bottle a day (which really isn’t that much water). And according to the measurements on the side, that would be about 16oz a day. So that’s the number I will use as a starting point.

TERMS: Operant Conditioning, Classical Conditioning, Conditioned Stimulus, Conditioned Response, Behavior Modification, Elicit, Unconditioned Stimulus, Unconditioned Response, Intrinsic Value, Extrinsic Value, Pavlov, Ethics, Abruptness of Punishment, Immediacy of Punishment, Consistent

After reading section 2.2, please respond to the following questions.
1 a&b) What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why?
-In this section 2.2 I really like the fact that a lot of it is review and the terms in the parenthesis help use point out the consequence and the target behavior. We have also talked about positive and negative reinforcement but I liked the fact that you broke it down and gave examples of each. I feel like hearing/seeing examples help a lot. I also liked the fact how the whole section was focused on the topic: reinforcement and the terms that go along with the topic. Meaning, having one topic really helps mean focus on just the one thing and not get so confused.
2) What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why?
-I never found anything that I really didn’t like or disliked just the fact that im finding that the activities are beginning to be too much. I did like them at first but now since there is just so many examples and ways to help us learn, I just feel that the activity boxes are taking more time for us to complete the section.
3 a,b&c) What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why?
-The three things I will remember in this section 2.2 is: 1) the difference between primary and secondary reinforcer. Primary meaning a stimulus that does not require pairing other stimuli to function as a reinforcer. Secondary meaning a stimulus or situation that has acquired its function as a reinforcer after pairing with a stimulus which functions as a reinforcer. 2) that positive reinforcement is a desired stimulus and negative reinforcement is a removal of a aversive stimulus. I have learned this in class multiple times is why I will remember. 3) and the difference between intrinsic and extrinsic. Intrinsic refers to the value that the individual places on something. Extrinsic refers the value others place on something. I will remember this because I found the money example helpful.
After reading section 2.3, please respond to the following questions.
4 a&b) What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why?
-As I said in the first section that I liked is that, the topic of punishment and just having the whole section focus on punishment and the positive and negative perspectives on the term. When you have so many topics into one section it is hard to not be confused instead of learn. As I also said, I love how it is just a review and that it helps but it does get old once and a while after we review so much.
5) What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why?
-Do get me wrong but I love to review, but I am started to get bored of not learning anything because it is so repetitive in the class but then I understand why you want us to be repetitive so we understand the value and behavior environment that is actually out in the real world.
6 a,b&c) What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why?
-The things that I would remember from this section 2.3 are: 1) how positive punishment is an addition of an aversive stimulus and negative punishment is the removal on a desirable stimulus. I know these already but I liked to see the other examples. 2) I also read and now will remember that you should avoid the use of aversive procedures in favor of procedures that are non-aversive. 3) I also learned that various types of punishment will be used through the severity and are often determined by the offensiveness of the behavior that is undesired. I will remember all of these things because they stuck out to me in this section the most along with some others.
7) How much water to you think you drink each day?
- I think i will emit the behavior of drinking 4 or 5 water bottles a day!
Terms: Behavior, Target Behavior, Consequence, Negative Reinforcement, Positive Reinforcement, Reinforcer, Extrinsic, Intrinsic, Primary Reinforcer, Secondary Reinforcer, Punishment, Negative Punishment, Positive Punishment, Aversive, Desirable, Undesirable.

1 a&b) What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why?
I really enjoyed the importance stressed on the context of a reinforcer. It is well known that money is a great reinforcer (even a generalized reinforcer) but American dollars won't do us much in Europe just like Euros don't do much in America. This allows me to explore what reinforcers may be more effective in different situations.

2) What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why?
I wish the table that had us distinguish between primary and secondary reinforcers had answers -- along with an explanation as to why they were the right answers. However I have a feeling we will be going over this in class.

3 a,b&c) What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why?
I will remember that generalized reinforcer is something that works for many people -- because it is generalized. When working with a large sum of people this may be useful. I will also remember that while something may have a low intrinsic value, the extrinsic value may lead an individual to strive for something anyway -- because society and culture sometimes affects our behaviors more than we do. I will also remember that primary reinforcers have to do with our primal needs -- sleep, food, water, and sex. Primal = primary.

After reading section 2.3, please respond to the following questions.

4 a&b) What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why?
I really enjoyed the stress on using reinforcement (positive or negative) or extinction when possible rather than negative or positive punishment. Not only is it more pleasant for all involved, it is more effective.

5) What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why?
I disliked the part about B.F. Skinner's Utopian society. Obviously reinforcement is the best way but it is not possible to create this so why spend time studying it?

6 a,b&c) What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why?
I will remember that punishment is not as effective as reinforcement because aversive things often lead to unwanted negative emotions towards the punisher (and the the one being punished). Punishment has to occur directly after the unwanted behavior, or the principle of immediacy, because without it it is not as strong. I will remember this because when I work with people with Dementia if I have to punish it has to be immediately or the behavior will not be remembered.I have learned that it is better to elicit a behavior that is wanted and reinforce that (like getting rid of rocks) than it is to punish an emitted behavior that is bad (like throwing rocks). I will remember this because it is often used in schools with children -- I remember when I was in elementary school they made the switch to this foam flooring instead of rocks on the playground and I didn't know why.


7) Now that you have been thinking about behavior modification for the past couple of weeks, we will start a mini behavioral observation project. We are going to start recording how many glasses of water we drink each day. You can just write these down on a piece of paper each day (starting today) and we will use your findings next week in one of these assignments. How much water to you think you drink each day? I drink about two bottles of water a day (24 oz per bottle).

8) Once you are done with your post make list of the terms and terminology you used in your post.
Intrinsic value, Extrinsic behavior, Secondary Behavior, Primary Behavior, Reinforcer, Context, Generalized Reinforcer, Extinction, Positive Reinforcement, Negative Reinforcement, Positive Punishment, Negative Punishment, Aversive, Principle of Immediacy, Elicit, Emit.

After reading section 2.2, please respond to the following questions.

1 a&b) What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why?
I have grown to like the somewhat redundant-nature of these readings. The way I learn is through repetition anyway, so simply reading each section is enabling my learning as I go along.

2) What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why?
I disliked the lack of explanation for Maslow's Hierarchy of needs. It only briefly mentions it and I struggled to incorporate the chart into the rest of the reading.

3 a,b&c) What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why?
A - The first thing I will remember from this section is the relationship between an unconditioned stimulus and a conditioned stimulus, along with what they both mean and where they are used.
B - The second thing I will remember from this section is the relationship between unconditioned response and conditioned response, as well as where they are used.
C - The third thing I will remember from this section is what a generalized reinforcer is.

After reading section 2.3, please respond to the following questions.

4 a&b) What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why?
I really liked how the reading overall has increased use of behavior modification terminology. The simple fact that I understand what you are saying in the reading lets me know as a student that I understand the terminology myself.

5) What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why?
I least liked B.F. Skinner's belief that a world without punishment is possible. Personally, I don't think everyone learns the same way. I think punishment doesn't have to be a terrible experience, just aversive enough to change a behavior.

6 a,b&c) What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why?
A - The first thing I will remember from this section is that punishment, when used, should be abrupt, have the appropriate intensity and should be consistent and immediate.
B - The second thing I will remember from this section is what negative punishment is, because it can be confusing to someone who does not fully understand the concept and what it actually means.
C - The third thing I will remember from this section is the importance of using ethical considerations when using punishment and behavior modification in general.

7) Now that you have been thinking about behavior modification for the past couple of weeks, we will start a mini behavioral observation project. We are going to start recording how many glasses of water we drink each day. You can just write these down on a piece of paper each day (starting today) and we will use your findings next week in one of these assignments. How much water to you think you drink each day?
I am into fitness, and I've done my research. Most experts suggest getting between 1 - 1.5 gallons of water per day. I always carry a water bottle with me wherever I go. I would say I definitely get at least one gallon of water per day.

8) Once you are done with your post make list of the terms and terminology you used in your post.
Terms: unconditioned stimulus, conditioned stimulus, unconditioned response, conditioned response, generalized reinforcer, punishment, aversive, negative punishment.

After reading section 2.2, please respond to the following questions.
1 a&b) What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why? I really liked the description of positive and negative reinforcement because they are always tricky to remember and not confuse with each other.
2) What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why? I didn’t dislike anything this section.
3 a,b&c) What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why? I will remember that positive reinforcement introduces a desirable stimulus. I will remember that negative reinforcement removes an aversive stimulus with the target behavior occurring. Lastly, a primary reinforcer is a stimulus that does not require pairing other stimuli to function as a reinforcer.
After reading section 2.3, please respond to the following questions.
4 a&b) What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why? I liked the clarification of positive and negative punishment and the explanation of each one because it was easy to understand and remember.
5) What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why? It was hard for me to think of some reinforcers that I find intrinsically valuable that others typically don’t.
6 a,b&c) What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why? You should always be careful to make sure reinforcement and punishments are ethical. If you use punishment it should always be abrupt, have the appropriate intensity, be immediate, and consistent. Lastly, using the technique of disrupting the behavior can be an effective alternative to punishment.
7) Now that you have been thinking about behavior modification for the past couple of weeks, we will start a mini behavioral observation project. We are going to start recording how many glasses of water we drink each day. You can just write these down on a piece of paper each day (starting today) and we will use your findings next week in one of these assignments. How much water to you think you drink each day? If I am trying to be healthy I drink 8 glasses a day, if I’m not trying I never drink water because I don’t like it.
8) Once you are done with your post make list of the terms and terminology you used in your post.
Positive reinforcement
Negative reinforcement
Positive punishment
Negative punishment
Desirable stimulus
Reinforcer
Target behavior
Abrupt
Appropriate intensity
Immediate
Consistent
Disrupting the behavior

After reading section 2.2, please respond to the following questions.
1 a&b) What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why?
One thing I really liked about this section was that it gave very simple description of both positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, conditioned, and unconditioned stimuli at the beginning. It helps me get a feel of what the section is going to be about without going into too much detail.

2) What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why?
There wasn't really anything from this section that I didn’t like. Some sections go on rambles or too many examples over what we are learning and I felt like this section didn’t really do that.

3 a,b&c) What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why?
Intrinsic refers to the value that the individual places on something, while extrinsic refers to the value others place on something. I will remember this because individuals from different cultures value different things so it’s important to know the difference between intrinsic and extrinsic. The second thing I am going to remember from this section is that negative reinforcement is the removal of an aversive stimulus to increase behavior because it is important not to confuse negative reinforcement with punishment. The last thing I am going to remember from this section is that Skinner is the creator of operant condition while Pavlov is the creator of classical conditioning.
After reading section 2.3, please respond to the following questions.

4 a&b) What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why?
One thing I really liked about this section was the overview of all the different types of punishments there are and the different ways to use the punishment technique when trying to modify behavior. I also liked how the section went over the cultural differences in punishment because it is important to know what is correct to do in certain situations.

5) What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why?
I also thought that there wasn’t really anything in this section that I didn’t like because it didn’t give excessive examples over the same information and made sure to break everything down to the right amount.

6 a,b&c) What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why?
One thing that I will remember from this section is that reinforcement is always preferable to punishment and that reinforcement can be used instead of punishment. The second thing that I will remember from this section is that if punishment is used, it should be abrupt, have the appropriate intensity and be consistent. The last thing I will remember from this section is that whether you use reinforcement or punishment, you still need to make sure it is ethical.

7) Now that you have been thinking about behavior modification for the past couple of weeks, we will start a mini behavioral observation project. We are going to start recording how many glasses of water we drink each day. You can just write these down on a piece of paper each day (starting today) and we will use your findings next week in one of these assignments. How much water to you think you drink each day?
I drink about 2 maybe 2.5 Gatorade 32 oz water bottles each day.

8) Once you are done with your post make list of the terms and terminology you used in your post.
Intrinsic, extrinsic, positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, conditioned, unconditioned, aversive, stimuli, Skinner, Pavlov, operant conditioning, classical conditioning, punishment, negative punishment, positive punishment.

1 a&b) What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why?
What I really enjoyed about this section is how well you had explained the different types of reinforcers. Before reading this section of the book, I had never really realized the difference between a primary and secondary reinforce, or even examples of the two.
2) What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why?
One thing that I disliked about the chapter was the fact that there weren’t very many examples for each type of reinforcement. I think many readers would benefit from this section more if you provided them with a bunch of different examples rather than just reusing the same ones.
3 a,b&c) What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why?
Primary reinforcers are stimuli that don’t require an additional pairing of a stimulus to function as a reinforcer, such as food or air.
A generalized reinforcer is used to acquire other reinforcers, such as money.
Responses and stimuli are referred to as unconditioned when they do not have to be learned.
After reading section 2.3, please respond to the following questions.
4 a&b) What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why?
I enjoyed the past in the section when you had explained the difference between negative punishment and positive punishment and included examples. I tend to get them mixed up or cant think of an example of them because I begin to overthink the terms.
5) What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why?
Some of the talk about extreme punishment felt a bit sudden and out of place. I feel it could have been discussed better within a different section of the book.
6 a,b&c) What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why?
The intensity of punishment must be severe enough for the person doing the undesirable behavior will not continue to partake in that behavior.
In order to stop a behavior correctly, you must administer the punishment immediately, and not wait around for a better chance to do it.
I will always remember how to immediately punish my roommate for stealing my beers by shaking one up just before they open it.
7) Now that you have been thinking about behavior modification for the past couple of weeks, we will start a mini behavioral observation project. We are going to start recording how many glasses of water we drink each day. You can just write these down on a piece of paper each day (starting today) and we will use your findings next week in one of these assignments. How much water to you think you drink each day?
Each day I drink roughly 2-4 20oz bottles of water, So anywhere between 40-80 oz. of water.
8) Once you are done with your post make list of the terms and terminology you used in your post.
Punishment, reinforcement, behavior, positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, stimuli, reinforcer.

1 a&b) What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why?
One thing I found very interesting was the difference between a conditioned stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus. It is something that I had never though of, but it makes a lot of sense. I was able to learn that some stimuli are natural (ie, moth watering at the mention of your favorite food.) and some have to be learned (ie, mouth watering when someone rings a bell.)

2) What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why?
I'm not really sure that I would say that I didn't like anything from this section, however I did find the section about primary and secondary reinforcers really confusing. I found it very difficult to distinguish between the two.
3 a,b&c) What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why?
One thing that I will remember is the differences between a conditioned and an unconditioned stimulus. For some reason, this distinction just stuck out to me while reading this section of the text.
Another thing that I will remember is Maslow's Hierarchy of needs. This is something that I remember hearing about in my past psych courses. It is something that interested me then and continues to interest me today.
The third thing that I will remember is the idea of intrinsic vs extrinsic value. Intrinsic and extrinsic are terms that I have come across in my past classes in the family services major, so I feel as if I have a pretty good grasp on them and what they mean.

After reading section 2.3, please respond to the following questions.

4 a&b) What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why?
One thing that I thought was interesting was the distinction that a behavior is only punishment if it decreases the likelihood of a behavior occurring in the future. For instance, if you punch your brother because he stole your cell phone, but in the future he continues to steal your cell phone, then the punching behavior was not punishment.
5) What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why?
One thing that I disliked about this section was that it seemed rather repetitive in nature. While I understand that we need to learn these various ideas and concepts, and while I will be the first to admit that I absolutely need to be reviewing, it seemed like this chapter was really just giving the same information in the same way. I feel like a little variability would have been nice.

6 a,b&c) What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why?
One thing that I think I will remember is the section on extreme negative reinforcement. I thought that the examples that were given were really memorable and were ones that I will be able to recall in the future.
Another thing that I think I will remember is the section on the abruptness of punishment. After reading and thinking about the subject, it really makes sense that some behaviors would need to be stopped abruptly, especially if they have an impact on the safety of another person.
A third thing that I think I will remember from this section is the immediacy of punishment.After reading, I understand that in order for a punishment to be effective, it needs to be administered immediately after the behavior occurs.

7) Now that you have been thinking about behavior modification for the past couple of weeks, we will start a mini behavioral observation project. We are going to start recording how many glasses of water we drink each day. You can just write these down on a piece of paper each day (starting today) and we will use your findings next week in one of these assignments. How much water to you think you drink each day?
Honestly, I don't really dink that much water. I know that it is bad, but I tend to be dehydrated a good portion of the time. If I had to guess, I would say that I probably drink about 4 glasses of water a day

8) Once you are done with your post make list of the terms and terminology you used in your post
Terms: Punishment, behavior, adversive, immediacy of punishment, reinforcement

1. One thing that I really liked about this section was the multiple examples that they give for both positive and negative reinforcement. I chose this because it is something important to understand that reinforcement can come in various different forms. This can help you modify a target behavior without always having to give somebody something.

2. The thing I didn't like about this section was when we talked about Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs. The reason I chose this was I had learned this other classes before and just didn't find it all too interesting.

3. The first thing that I fill remember from this section is the difference between operant conditioning from BF SKinner and classical conditioning from Pavlov. The second thing that I will remember from this section are the differences between unconditioned stimulus, unconditioned response, conditioned stimulus, and conditioned response. The third thing I will remember from this course is the difference between a primary reinforcer and a secondary reinforcer.

4. One thing I liked about this section was the author talked about when students made the argument of manipulation. I enjoyed that because it helped explain the difference between either doing something pleasing to change their behavior vs. doing something aversive such as punishment.

5. One thing I didn't like from this section was when they brought up water boarding and torture. The reason I chose that was because I felt it didn't need to be put into the chapter. For some reason it just annoyed me and didn't seem to be important in regards to the subject.

6. One thing I will remember from this section is the fact that punishments may elicit unwanted behavior or actions. The second thing I will remember is the fact that abruptness of punishment is important when it becomes dangerous towards others. The third I will remember is that the severity of the punishment must be high enough to where it will actually stop the target behavior.

7. Today, I drank a lot of water as I had a workout today. I would estimate my the amount of water I drank to between 100-120 oz today. I came up with this because my water bottle is 20 oz. when full and I filled it up about 6 times.

8. Terms: behavior, operant conditioning, classical conditioning, elicit, target behavior, reinforcement, reinforcer, punishment, unconditioned stimulus, unconditioned response, conditioned stimulus, conditioned response, aversive, pleasing, positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs.

After reading section 2.2, please respond to the following questions.
1 a&b) What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why?
I enjoyed the review over the ways of reinforcement. I also enjoyed the new vocab such as Generalized Reinforcer which is a reinforcement such as money.
2) What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why? I did not dislike anything about this chapter, I enjoyed the review and felt like it was needed.
3 a,b&c) What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why? I will remember the difference between Intrinsic and Extrinsic Value. Also, the difference between Limited and Broad Value. I have learned that learning these vocab words are important because they help you have an idea of what a good reinforcement is for the time.
After reading section 2.3, please respond to the following questions.
4 a&b) What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why?
I really liked how specific the definitions were on how to properly use a punishment. I enjoyed seeing that you cannot only punish after a aversive behavior is acted out. Rather there is a consistent and thought out system a behaviorist must use to get the most out of the punishment.
5) What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why? I did not dislike anything about this chapter because I feel that it is important to make sure you understand these basic terms and how they work.
6 a,b&c) What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why? I will remember the importance of frequency of punishment. Also the consistency in which you do the punishment and just like reinforcement the punishment must affect the behavior the way we want.
7) Now that you have been thinking about behavior modification for the past couple of weeks, we will start a mini behavioral observation project. We are going to start recording how many glasses of water we drink each day. You can just write these down on a piece of paper each day (starting today) and we will use your findings next week in one of these assignments. How much water to you think you drink each day? I believe that I drink four .5 liters of bottled water everyday.
8) Once you are done with your post make list of the terms and terminology you used in your post.
Adversive, reinforcement, punishment, Limited and Broad Value, Generalized reinforcer, Intrinsic and Extrinsic Value

1 a&b) What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why?
One thing that I liked in section 2.2 is that it reviewed some of the topics we have already discussed such as positive and negative reinforcement. I thought that it was a good review to have in the beginning of this section to remember the differences between positive and negative reinforcement.

2) What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why?
The one thing that I disliked, or liked least from this section was having conditioned stimulus, unconditioned stimulus, unconditioned response, and conditioned response in the same paragraph. I thought that this was too much information to read at once and made it confusing for me to understand, so I hope we review this in class better!

3 a,b&c) What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why?
One thing that I will remember from this section is Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs. I will remember this pyramid because I have seen it in other classes as well so it was a refresher for me. Another thing that I will remember from section 2.2 is the importance of context. I thought that the examples that were given: someone who has American dollars may not be able to obtain a primary reinforcer (food). The third thing that I will remember from this section is the differences between intrinsic vs extrinsic value. Intrinsic value refers to the value that the individual places on something where as extrinsic value refers to the value that others put on something. I will remember this because I thought that they were easy definitions to have stick in my head.

After reading section 2.3, please respond to the following questions.
4 a&b) What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why?
One thing that I really liked in section 2.3 is how it reviewed the differences between positive and negative punishment. I thought that this was a great review for the beginning of the section and that the examples that went along with this were good as well.

5) What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why?
There was not anything in section 2.3 that I disliked. I thought that all the definitions were easily understood and I could tell the difference of the various words without getting confused.

6 a,b&c) What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why?
Three things that I will remember from section 2.3 is the ethical issues of behavior modification as well as extreme negative reinforcement. I found these two paragraphs to be interesting and I never really gave it any thought about these types of behavior modification (ex. water boarding) until I read about it in this section. However, I don't know if it is always the best way to get information from our enemies. Another thing that I will remember from this section is that the severity of punishment needs to be high enough so the behavior won't occur again. The final thing that I will remember from this section is that the immediacy of the punishment is very important. In order for a punishment to be effective, it needs to occur after the undesirable behavior has occurred. I thought that these three things are very important when it comes to behavior modification.

7) Now that you have been thinking about behavior modification for the past couple of weeks, we will start a mini behavioral observation project. We are going to start recording how many glasses of water we drink each day. You can just write these down on a piece of paper each day (starting today) and we will use your findings next week in one of these assignments. How much water to you think you drink each day?
The amount of water I drink varies tremendously on the day. I drink a lot more water on the days that I have a waterbottle with me, therefore I try my hardest to remember to bring a water bottle with me everyday. However, on the days that I don't bring a waterbottle, I hardly drink any water. I would say that my average including both days would be four glasses of water a day.

8.)Terminology- positive reinforcement, negative punishment, conditioned stimulus, unconditioned stimulus, unconditioned response, conditioned response, Maslow's Hierarchy of needs, intrinsic value, extrinsic value, positive punishment, negative punishment, behavior modification

After reading section 2.2, please respond to the following questions.
1 a&b) What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why?
I really liked that sections because it related to other psychological objectives. It brought in experiments that we have learned before this class. It made the terms a little easier to understand.

2. What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why?
The part that I didn’t like the most was the about generalized reinforcers. I didn’t like this because it was unclear with the definition. The example of money didn’t help example it throughly.

3 a,b&c) What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why?
One thing that I will take from this is that there is unconditioned stimulus with an unconditioned response. These are types of behaviors that don’t have to be learned, you already know them. Another thing would be the opposite of that, conditioned stimulus and conditioned response. This is when you have to be conditioned or taught to do a behavior. The last thing that I took from this section is that the context matters. You have to be able to understand the situation that is occur to know how to react.

After reading section 2.3, please respond to the following questions.
4 a&b) What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why?
One thing that I really liked about this section was reading about the differences in cultural punishments. I liked reading about this because it relates to my major, criminology. It was easier to comprehend something that you are interested in.

5. What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why?
Something that I didn’t like about this section would be that it talked about reinforcement in it. The two ideas, reinforcement and punishment seemed to be divided between the two sections but this section talked a lot of reinforcement. It made it confusing if you weren’t paying attention.

6 a,b&c) What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why?
One thing that I will remember from this section is that positive punishment is the introduction of an aversive stimulus. I am now starting to be able to comprehend and use terms more. Another thing that I will remember is that the intensity of the punishment will matter on how the person being punished will react. The last thing that I will remember is that Americans accept punishment more than reinforcement. They think that reinforcement takes away their free will.

7. Now that you have been thinking about behavior modification for the past couple of weeks, we will start a mini behavioral observation project. We are going to start recording how many glasses of water we drink each day. You can just write these down on a piece of paper each day (starting today) and we will use your findings next week in one of these assignments. How much water to you think you drink each day?
I probably drink three or four glasses of water per day.

8) Once you are done with your post make list of the terms and terminology you used in your post.
generalized reinforcers, unconditioned stimulus, unconditioned response, conditioned stimulus, conditioned response, punishment, reinforcement, positive punishment

After reading section 2.2, please respond to the following questions.


1 a&b) What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why?

- In this chapter I really enjoyed everything about reinforcement. In my opinion reinforcement is something positive in order to achieve a goal or a certain behavior in this case. We can have self reinforcement when trying to achieve better behaviors like wrking out more, or eating more healthy but we are the once that make this decisions therefore it would be self-reinforced. I always considered positive reinforcement as the best way to achieve the desired behaviors. It may be influence by the situation and may have different consequences but usually using a positive reinforcement is more likely that the behavior will be repeated more frequently. 


2) What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why?

- What I liked the least was negative reinforcement. Sometimes the consequences were not the ones desired and sometimes it may have a negative impact in the individual. For example, in a baby the removal of certain objects may be super important to them and this may cause some hurt to him. Depends on what object or what stimulus is removed, but I rather use positive reinforcement rather than negative reinforcement. 


3 a,b&c) What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why?

- I will remember conditioned and unconditioned stimuli because its a new concept in this chapter. 
- I will also remember some of this example because they helped me to understand the concept of reinforcement better.
- Finally I will also remember generalized reinforcer because of the money examples and how it can be used often in examples. 


After reading section 2.3, please respond to the following questions.


4 a&b) What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why?

- What I really like in this section was the positive punishment examples. In my opinion I think something that maybe a negative punishment is not the best way to reduce a behavior. Positive punishment may be sometimes the less likely way to achieve a decreased in behavior but I think we should choose to use it before a negative punishment. 


5) What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why?

- What I liked the least was the extreme negative part of reinforcement. The examples of torture, in my opinion is not the best way to decrease a behavior. In this topic a lot of ethic is involved because we may think something is wrong but we need to always try to be fair and have equal justice. 


6 a,b&c) What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why?

- I will remember the techniques used in negative reinforcement. because I do not agree with them.
-The different types of punishment to certain situations.
-Also the intensity of punishment play an important role in certain situations, however we need to take in consideration the antecedents and the consequences.

7) Now that you have been thinking about behavior modification for the past couple of weeks, we will start a mini behavioral observation project. We are going to start recording how many glasses of water we drink each day. You can just write these down on a piece of paper each day (starting today) and we will use your findings next week in one of these assignments. How much water to you think you drink each day?


- I think I will drink aorund 1.7L, However, I will try to drink at least 2 liters. 


8) Once you are done with your post make list of the terms and terminology you used in your post.



- Reinforcement, positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, reinforcer, behavior, desired behavior, antecedents, consequences, punishment, negative punishment, extreme negative punishment, positive punishment.

1 a&b) One thing I liked about this section was that it broke down all the different pieces of reinforcement. It first talked about positive and negative reinforcement, then even went further into detail. It went over conditioning, the stimuli, whether it's a primary/secondary/generalized reinforcer, the context, and the intrinsic/extrinsic value. I think I liked that it showed how much there is just to this one concept and it introduced new terms to me to help explain it further. It was more complex than I initially thought.

2) What I disliked most about this section was just the over abundance of information in such a small section. It was a lot to take in, and almost doesn't make sense in some parts just because it gets to be very complicated. I think I just need more elaboration on one thing at a time before it will really sink in.

3 a,b&c) Three things I will remember are; 1-negative and positive are terms used very differently in behavior modification! In reinforcement that is positive it means a desirable stimulus is added to increase frequency of the target behavior. In contrast, negative reinforcement is the removal of an aversive stimulus in order to increase frequency of the target behavior. 2-I learned the difference between primary and secondary reinforcers. Primary reinforcers don't need any stimuli paired with it to reinforce because it's based off biological needs, such as food. Secondary reinforcers however are the opposite. It must be paired with a stimulus for it to be reinforced. 3-Context is a very important key when it comes to reinforcers being reinforcing. Different environments might reinforce one thing while another environment will not.

After reading section 2.3, please respond to the following questions.

4 a&b) I really liked this section just because it was really simple and elaborated on punishment. It spent a lot of time just spreading things out and discussing whether or not punishment was ethical and the difference between positive and negative punishment. There wasn't too much info to take in, and the questions were very opinion oriented so I didn't feel as much pressure on whether my answers were right or wrong.

5) There was nothing I really didn't like about it. It talked a lot and was repetitive on some things, but I kind of liked that too.

6 a,b&c) Three things I will remember are: 1-Positive punishment is the addition of something aversive to decrease the frequency of the target behavior occurring again. 2-Negative punishment is the removal of something desirable to decrease the frequency of the target behavior occurring again. 3-Punishment is very controversy on whether it is ethical or not. Overall it is preferred that reinforcement is used rather than punishment or a process of disrupting the operant behavior, because then both parties are not likely to be upset.

7) How much water to you think you drink each day? I at least drink one to two bottles of water each day which is about 24 oz. total.

8) Positive/negative reinforcement, conditioning, stimuli, primary/secondary/generalized reinforcer,context, intrinsic/extrinsic value, desirable/aversive, behavior modification, target behavior, positive/negative punishment, disrupting the operant behavior, ethical

1a&b) What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why?

a.I really liked the introduction of primary and secondary reinforcers.

b. I liked this because it is new information that breaks down into further detail, the information that we already know about reinforcement.

2) What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why?

a. I had trouble thinking of different types of generalized secondary reinforcers other than money so I wish that there were more examples of those.

3 a,b&c) What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why?

a.I will remember what a primary reinforcer is because it is linked to the most basic human needs and elicits a response without being conditioned.

b.I will remember what a secondary reinforcer is because it deals with clicker training and I really want to do that with my cat.

c. I will remember what intrinsic and extrinsic value is because I took Motivation and Emotion and that was something that was used throughout the whole semester. Intrinsic= inside and extrinsic= exterior.

After reading section 2.3, please respond to the following questions.

4 a&b) What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why?

a.I like that the “dark side” of behavior modification was brought up.

b.I think it is important to address because not all behavior modification is evil. And I just think that torcher being used as a military technique is interesting because I have family members that were in charge of torcher on military boats during the Vietnam war and now they regret it and it is just like a never ending psychological torcher on them and ended up modifying their behavior too.

5) What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why?

I dislike the fact that our laws are run on a punishment system. I think a lot of behaviors would stop and our environment would be less stressful if we were reinforced for good behaviors more often.

6 a,b&c) What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why?

a.Punishment needs to be abrupt. I will remember this because it is important in stopping a behavior. The punishment needs to be aversive enough to stop the behavior.

b.The punishment needs to happen immediately after the behavior. I will remember this because I have seen so many parents mess up with this and the punishment will have no effect on the person if it happens to late (my cousins are the trouble makers who get punished to late).


c.There are cultural differences in punishment and I will remember this because I find it interesting that women can be punished in some countries for cheating.

7) Now that you have been thinking about behavior modification for the past couple of weeks, we will start a mini behavioral observation project. We are going to start recording how many glasses of water we drink each day. You can just write these down on a piece of paper each day (starting today) and we will use your findings next week in one of these assignments. How much water to you think you drink each day?

I think I drink about five eight ounce cups of water every day.

8) Terms: Primary reinforcement, secondary reinforcement, generalized secondary reinforcers, intrinsic value, extrinsic value, punishment, aversive.

1 a&b) What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why?
I like how this section review reinforcement that we had learned earlier then went into more details about it, I didn't feel overwhelmed by all of the new information and new terms that were presented to me. I also liked the context matters section because I felt like I was able to get a real world understanding from it.

2) What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why?
I didn't dislike anything. I thought this section was interesting and pretty straight forward with the information.

3 a,b&c) What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why?
I will remember that a primary reinforcer is biologically relevant so it is a stimulus that has obtained its function through evolution. I will also remember that a secondary reinforcer is a stimulus that has acquired its function as a reinforcer after pairing with a stimulus which functions as a reinforcer. An example of this would be kittens who are normally fed canned food become associated to the noise of the can opening. I will also remember that a generalized reinforcer is a conditioned reinforcer that has obtained the reinforcing function by pairing with many other reinforcer such as money. I will remember these because they are all related to each other and because it is interesting new material.

After reading section 2.3, please respond to the following questions.

4 a&b) What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why?
I really liked the section about cultural differences in punishment and a society without punishment because it was very interesting to me and puts a real world perspective on it so it was easy to understand and is relatable.

5) What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why?
I didn't dislike anything. This was one of my favorite sections so far.

6 a,b&c) What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why?
I will remember what punishment its and what negative punishment is because we have been reviewing this for a while now. I will also remember immediacy of punishment because this is something we have discussed in class. I will remember the importance of frequency of punishment also because we see the effectiveness of contingencies and one time only punishments.

7) Now that you have been thinking about behavior modification for the past couple of weeks, we will start a mini behavioral observation project. We are going to start recording how many glasses of water we drink each day. You can just write these down on a piece of paper each day (starting today) and we will use your findings next week in one of these assignments. How much water to you think you drink each day?
I think I drink about 2 water bottles a day so 1200ml a day.

8) Once you are done with your post make list of the terms and terminology you used in your post.
reinforcement, punishment, primary reinforcer, secondary reinforcer, generalized reinforcer, cultural differences, society without punishment, immediacy of punishment, frequency of punishment

1 a&b) One thing that I really liked about this section is that we finally get to use the words "positive" and "negative" punishment/reinforcement in our behavioral language. Pleasing and aversive are nice words, but I was getting sick of them.

2) One thing I didn't like in this section was that Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs was included, but not elaborated enough upon. I've learned about it from previous classes but I would have liked a more thorough reminder of what it was. I don't think that showing the model was necessary.

3 a,b&c) The first thing I will remember form this section is what positive and negative mean in behavioral terms. Positive means to add something from the situation, and negative means to take away. Whether the addition or subtraction is pleasurable or aversive depends on whether it is reinforcement or punshment. The second thing I will remember from this section is that Pavlov was the man who made the discovery that caused the burst of behavioral sciences. He found that by pairing an UCS with a CS, it would eventually elicit the CS without the presence of the UCS. The third thing I will remember from this section is the difference between primary and secondary reinforcers. A primary reinforcer is something that is needed in order to survive, and a secondary reinforcer is something that is conditioned and paired with something that functions as a reinforcer.

After reading section 2.3, please respond to the following questions.

4 a&b)One thing that I really liked about this section is its organization. It started with talking about punishment overall, then broke down the various components of punishment. It was easier to read and understand this way.

5) One thing I disliked about this section was that there were so many examples given that when it came time to think of my own I blanked. I guess I can't really complain, because the given examples really helped me to understand the material though.

6 a,b&c) The first thing I will remember from this section is punishment sometimes needs to be abrupt. In the example of a child throwing rocks at his peers, it is important to know how to go about punishment so that the actions will be terminated right away. The second thing I will take away from this section is that reinforcement is more beneficial than punishment is. B.F. Skinner wrote a couple books about how we could achieve the perfect society if we used only reinforcements and no punishments. The third thing I will take away from this section is that it may be better to disrupt a behavior than to punish a behavior. For example, if kids are talking in class the teacher could clap her hands to get their attention--which will prevent the negative feelings that are caused by punishing others.

7) I drink water out of a 24oz Tervis mug, and I like to drink at least 3 per day (so around 75 ounces of water)

8) Positive punishment, negative punishment, positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, Maslow's Hierarchy of needs, pleasurable, aversive, Unconditioned stimulus, conditioned stimulus, conditioned response, primary reinforcer, secondary reinforcer.

1. One of the few things that I enjoyed about this section was the thorough explanation of reinforcement and differentiating between positive and negative reinforcement. In the end both of these methods should increase the likelihood of the behavior occurring again in the future. Understanding the difference will help to understand which method to utilize in the future. Although using reinforcement should be the best method of increasing the likelihood of the behavior, punishment is the other alternative that is less desirable, but still effective.

2. There was nothing that I disliked about this section. Everything was clearly written and thoroughly explained.

3. Positive reinforcement is the method of adding something that is desirable to increase the likelihood of the behavior occurring again in the future. I believe that positive reinforcement is a more successful method of increasing the likelihood of the behavior. Negative reinforcement is the method of removing of something undesirable. Understanding both of these types of reinforcement helps the individual that is trying to manipulate the behavior and increase the likelihood of it occurring again. The other thing is the difference between a conditioned and unconditioned stimulus. Being able to recognize both the conditioned and unconditioned stimulus will help to manipulate the target behavior and understanding the triggers.

4. The one thing that I really liked about this section was the thorough and detailed explanation of positive and negative punishment. Because punishment is a very narrow aspect of operant conditioning it must be well understood before it could be used properly.

5. This is another well written section. These two sections have been my favorite by far. Having a well written section helps with the learning process.

6. There are so many things that I could write down for this question. One thing would be that there are many different components to punishment. As mentioned in a previous paragraph understanding punishment as a method of eliciting a specific behavior. Also, it was interesting to read about the cultural differences in terms of punishment. Understanding the cultural viewpoints on punishment helps to better understand what punishments will be more effective. Finally, the things that need to be done in order for punishment to be successful for manipulating a target behavior. These three things are what make punishment a successful technique.

7. I usually drink about three to four bottles of water a day.

8. Terms: elicit, punishment, operant conditioning, target behavior, positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, positive punishment, negative punishment, behavior

After reading section 2.2, please respond to the following questions.

1 a&b) What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why?
I liked the fact that it began with a review of reinforcement and then went into more details like primary reinforcement and secondary reinforcement, for example.

2) What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why?
One thing that I didn't really like about this section was the section that included Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs. The information was just sort of presented but not really expanded upon. I would've liked more information.

3 a,b&c) What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why?
I will remember the difference between positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement because it's repetition from previous sections. I will also remember that primary reinforcers are those that are needed in order to survive. I will remember this because the things we need to survive come first over things we don't necessarily need to live.

After reading section 2.3, please respond to the following questions.

4 a&b) What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why?
The thing that I liked the most about this section was the same as what I liked about the last section. I liked the fact that it gave a bit of review of punishment and then went into more details of related topics.

5) What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why?
There was nothing I didn't like about this section. It was the most interesting section that I've read so far.

6 a,b&c) What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why?
I will remember the definitions of positive punishment and negative punishment because they are repetitions from previous sections. Another thing that I will remember from this section is that there are cultural differences when it comes to attitudes about punishment. I like to learn about different cultures so the section about the differences in punishment styles was really interesting to me.

7) Now that you have been thinking about behavior modification for the past couple of weeks, we will start a mini behavioral observation project. We are going to start recording how many glasses of water we drink each day. You can just write these down on a piece of paper each day (starting today) and we will use your findings next week in one of these assignments. How much water to you think you drink each day?
I only drink about 26oz of water a day.

8) Once you are done with your post make list of the terms and terminology you used in your post.
Reinforcement, primary reinforcement, secondary reinforcement, Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs, positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, primary reinforcer, punishment, positive punishment, negative punishment

→ One thing I really liked in this chapter was the time spent going back over what the differences between positive and negative reinforcement are. The terms still really confused me up until this point, so getting the extra practice was really helpful.
→ I wish that there would have been more information on the Pavlov experiment. I do know the basics from previous courses; however, a refresher is always nice. Perhaps going over more of what the unconditioned stimulus and unconditioned response are, and how they differ from the conditioned stimulus and response in classical conditioning. And perhaps more direct information on how classical and operant conditioning are different?
→ Two things I know I will remember are both positive and negative reinforcers. Positive reinforcement is the addition of a desired stimulus, for example, if a kid does his chores a positive reinforcer would be giving him a gold star. Negative reinforcement is the redaction of an undesired stimuli. One other thing I know will stick with me is Pavlov’s experiment. How it ended up turning into a whole new perspective to psychology. Classical conditioning is a very influential part of my daily life, so going over it more really helps make sense of the world.
→ Much like the previous chapter I really enjoyed going back over the differences between positive and negative punishment. I was still confused on when it was appropriate to use the terms positive and negative, and this helped me understand the proper context.
→ I can’t say that I disliked any part. I didn’t totally enjoy doing all the examples, but I know it is in my better interest to do them. Is there maybe another way to approach the practice?
→ One thing I will for sure remember is the difference between positive and negative punishments. For example taking away a desired stimulus to decrease the frequency of someone emitting an undesired behavior is negative punishment. While being given a ticket for failing to stop your car, and subsequently hitting another car, elicits a safer driving behavior. Thus decreasing the original behavior emitted, unsafe driving. I can also say that I will remember that in order to change a behavior, I must be specific in the behavior I wish to alter. Not doing so can lead to problems with altering the frequency of another behavior occurring. The last thing I am sure I will remember is that in order for punishment to be effective, in altering a behavior, we must make sure that the person finds the punishment aversive enough for the person to actually want to change so the punishment will occur less often.
→ I think I drink around 40-60 oz of water on a daily basis.
→ positive and negative reinforcement, Pavlov, unconditioned stimulus and response, conditioned stimulus and response, classical conditioning, operant conditioning, positive and negative punishment, emit, elicit, punishment, aversive


After reading section 2.2, please respond to the following questions.

1 a&b) What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why?
I liked seeing the depiction of Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs, it was a good graphic and gave some insight as to why we do what we do as well as making you think more in depth about those reasons.
2) What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why?
I actually really liked this section, it gave all the definitions in easy-simple to understand statements and there really was no confusion as read through this section.
3 a,b&c) What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why? I will remember the intrinsic and extrinsic values, and the generalized reinforcers because they're decently new/ different concepts and I will remember positive/negative reinforcement because those have been perpetually pounded into our diction.

After reading section 2.3, please respond to the following questions.

4 a&b) What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why?
I liked that it was pointed out that aversive procedures should only be implemented if positive reinforcement and extinction fail. I like this because that helps reinforce the basic idea in peoples' minds that you shouldn't go straight to kicking your dog or locking him up in solitary every time he doesn't do something right.
5) What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why?
I disliked the fact that the boss took away his parking spot that was "right next to your office", for being late. Like, yeah that's an aversive consequence intended as negative punishment to help make him emit the pleasurable target behavior of arriving on time to work; however, I don't think making him park farther away will help him be on time.
6 a,b&c) What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why?
That aversive procedures should only be used second to positive procedures; that there is regulations from the APA that members can't participate in water boarding, I
read that just yesterday in another textbook; and lastly that you REALLY shouldn't use negative reinforcement/punishment unless you really have to and that you should stop the aversiveness as soon as you can. That seemed to be a rather big take home message from this section.
7) Now that you have been thinking about behavior modification for the past couple of weeks, we will start a mini behavioral observation project. We are going to start recording how many glasses of water we drink each day. You can just write these down on a piece of paper each day (starting today) and we will use your findings next week in one of these assignments. How much water to you think you drink each day? In OZ's? ~192 oz/day

8) Once you are done with your post make list of the terms and terminology you used in your post.
Terms: Positive reinforcement, extinction, aversive, pleasurable, consequence, emit, negative punishment, negative reinforcement, Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs, target behavior, intrinsic/extrinsic values, generalized reinforcer.

1.a. I really liked looking at Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs because I really examined it, and found that I do believe it to be spot on from my point of view in college.
b. I liked going over examples of Positive and Negative Reinforcement because it helped me better my understanding of two terms.
2. One thing I liked the least was the part on secondary reinforcer because I am sure edgy on being able to depict one.
3. a. I will remember Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs because I might start just going off the pyramid chart on how to plan my day out, seems logical enough.
b. I will remember that secondary reinforcer is a term. Although I do not yet apprehend it totally, when I do fully understand it, I’m sure the memory of it will last long.
c. As a college student, I will remember and totally understand that context does matter. Over half of the way I am living my life is based on the context that I am a college student.
4. a. I liked learning about the immediacy of punishment. I have learned that reinforcement must follow the behavior very closely for it to work, and I like that punishment is the same way… makes things easier.
b. Although I am writing again about how I like a trait about punishment, this does not make me a brutal human being. I like the idea of the abruptness of punishment. For a punishment to work, it must be tough of the organism enduring it. The punishment must be rough enough to terminate the occurrence of the behavior needing to be stopped.
5. One thing I dislike is how enthusiastic I was about learning how to properly punish someone. (that’s what she said) I found a lot goes into punishing a behavior.
6. a. I will remember the part A Society Without Punishment, because I think that is a crazy concept to think about. I will have to read Skinner’s novels Walden Two and Beyond Freedom and Dignity.
b. I will remember the part on frequency of punishment, and that it can be aversive for both the person punishing and the punished to have to go through it so much, but sometimes that is what it takes to get the target behavior out and about.
c. I will remember the part on how the ultimate punishment in our Criminal Justice System in the U.S. is the death penalty, which I found to be confusing. Is killing someone a good for of punish? And who exactly is being punished?
7) I think that I drink around 4 cups of water each day of the week and about 6 cups on the weekends.
8) Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs, secondary reinforce, Positive and Negative Reinforcement, punish, punishment, target behavior, reinforcement, behavior

1) I liked primary reinforcement because I found it to be easy to understand and easy to remember with the example of Maslows Hierarchy of Needs.
2) I liked the table of primary and secondary reinforcements but I did not like how the correct answers were not later in the chapter. I wanted to make sure I understood it correctly.
3) A. If you are giving a positive reinforcement you are giving a desirable stimulus.
B. If you are giving a negative reinforcement it means you are removing an aversive stimulus.
C. Some examples of primary reinforces are food, water, and air.
4) I really like the section about extreme negative reinforcement because I found it really interesting to read about.
5) I disliked the section about punishment because I think we already spent enough time on that specific definition.
6) A. To help reduce the behavior a person should try to modify the antecedent.
B. The person who is giving the punishment must be intense enough to have the unwanted behavior stop.
C. A person must do the punishment right after the unwanted behavior occurs.
7. I think I drink 5 glasses of water a day.
8. Terms: Primary reinforcement, Secondary reinforcement, desirable stimulus, negative reinforcement, aversive stimulus, extreme negative reinforcement, punishment, behavior, antecedent.

1. One thing i really liked in this section was reading about Pavlov and his dogs. He has been mentioned in every psych class i have ever been in. Its easy to learn material when you can relate it something you are already familiar with.

2. One thing that i really disliked in this section was trying to come up with an example of broad value. The only example that makes sense to me is health care but that was a given example. I wish more examples were given is all.

3. Three things i will remember is the difference between operant conditioning and classical conditioning. Secondly i learned what intrinsic and extrinsic value is. Lastly the difference between conditioned and unconditioned stimulus.

4. Something i really liked in this section was how punishment can produce multiple consequences, like the example of the student getting yelled at for reading when he should be checking I.D's at the entrance of a bar. This might in turn decrease reading behaviors in general, it is interesting.

5. This section was relatively easy to read and easy to follow. I didn't have a problem with any of the material.

6. I will remember that if punishment is to be used it should be abrupt, appropriately intense, immediate and consistent in order for it to work. Second i will remember the difference between positive punishment and negative punishment, in the past this has been a little confusing for me. Lastly I will remember that culturally punishments can be drastically different in level of punishment.

7. I think i drink around eight or nine cups of water a day.

8. Terms
Punishment
Reinforcement
Positive
Negative
Operant conditioning
Classical conditioning

1 a&b) What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why?
-I enjoyed the part on Pavlov's dog experiment and how he found that dog start to salivate once they hear a bell.

2) What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why?
-The thing I liked least was the part on generalized reinforcement. I did not like this section because i thought it was very hard to understand.

3 a,b&c) What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why?
-I will remember the Pavlov experiment on Operate conditioning, Intrinsic vs Extrinsic Value, and secondary reinforcement.

After reading section 2.3, please respond to the following questions.

4 a&b) What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why?
-I really liked how it talked about the differences on positive and negative punishment.

5) What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why?
-I really enjoyed this section and I thought it was relatively easy read and i understood.

6 a,b&c) What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why?
-I will remember the difference in positive and negative reinforcement, what happens when you use extreme punishment, and the different types of punishment.

7) Now that you have been thinking about behavior modification for the past couple of weeks, we will start a mini behavioral observation project. We are going to start recording how many glasses of water we drink each day. You can just write these down on a piece of paper each day (starting today) and we will use your findings next week in one of these assignments. How much water to you think you drink each day?
-I think i drink 3-4 cups of water a day.

8) Once you are done with your post make list of the terms and terminology you used in your post.
-Punishment, positive punishment, negative punishment, positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, Intrinsic vs Extrinsic Value,secondary reinforcement, and Operate conditioning.

Section 2.2

1 a&b) What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why?

I thought the explanations of positive reinforcement (introducing a desirable stimulus) and negative reinforcement (removal of an aversive stimulus) were very helpful! Prior to reading the examples, in particular, of negative reinforcement I was having a hard time imagining what negative reinforcement looked like.

I also found the explanation of Pavlov’s experiment helpful. It is interesting to me that a variety of stimuli can be conditioned to produce a given basic reflexive response. Pavlov’s dog was conditioned to drool in response to the ringing of the bell. In the absence of the meat powder, the bell (conditioned stimulus) elicited the drooling response (conditioned response). The meat powder, being the unconditioned stimulus, elicited an unconditioned response or a “natural” response of drooling.

2) What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why?

There was nothing that I particularly disliked in this section.

3 a,b&c) What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why?

I will remember the difference between positive and negative reinforcement. The difference being that positive reinforcement is the introduction of a desirable stimulus and negative reinforcement is the removal of an aversive stimulus. I will remember the difference between positive and negative reinforcement because the examples in this section helped me to paint a differentiating picture in my mind. I will also remember that B.F. Skinner established Operant Conditioning because I did a little extra research on B.F. Skinner and read about Operant Conditioning. Lastly, I will remember how much context matter in regards to the new term discussed in this section and in regards to behavior modification entirely. I will remember this because to me it makes logical sense that context would matter, and would matter a great deal, also because the repetition throughout the sections has influenced my ability to remember to consider and pay attention to context.

Section 2.3

4 a&b) What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why?

I really liked the ethics section in this section. I was wondering when ethics were going to be brought up. Behavior modification could have evil implications in the wrong hands. I believe it is important to be mindful when manipulating a behavior of another. I believe it is important to minimize possible harmful effect and maximize balanced (individual/society) benefit.

I loved the parking ticket example! I have not yet learned to not park in a no-parking zone. Mostly this is because it is more convenient to risk getting a ticket than it is to find another location to park.

5) What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why?

There was nothing in this section I particularly disliked.

6 a,b&c) What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why?

I will remember that for punishment to work and insure that the target behavior decreases, punishing has to continue. Punishment should always be consistent. I would like to keep this in mind in order to avoid using punishment and focus on using reinforcement principles when ever possible. I will also remember that punishment often elicits unwanted negative emotion towards the person administering the punishment. I will remember this because after reading this section I know have a better understanding of where some of my negative emotions have come from in past situations involving punishment. Lastly, I will remember that we can disrupt an operant behavior. When this is done right it does not upset the other person. I will remember this because I think I can implement the principle into my life.

7) Now that you have been thinking about behavior modification for the past couple of weeks, we will start a mini behavioral observation project. We are going to start recording how many glasses of water we drink each day. You can just write these down on a piece of paper each day (starting today) and we will use your findings next week in one of these assignments. How much water do you think you drink each day?

I try to drink a good amount of water, but lately I have been trading in my water for caffeine, as I have not been getting enough sleep.

8) Once you are done with your post make list of the terms and terminology you used in your post.

TERMS: positive reinforcement, introducing a desirable stimulus, negative reinforcement, removal of an aversive, conditioning, conditioned stimulus, conditioned response, unconditioned stimulus, unconditioned response, elicited, aversive stimulus, operant conditioning, context, behavior modification, ethics, punishment, target behavior

1 a&b) What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why?
One thing that I really liked in this section was the introduction of Ivan Pavlov’s classical conditioning theory in which he examined how dogs learn based on simple stimuli found in their environment. I really like it because it refreshed my memory on Pavlov’s theory which I learned three years ago in Introduction to Psychology.

2) What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why?
There was nothing I disliked in this section but, I got confused with primary and secondary reinforcer when I first read it. However, after reading it a couple of times, I understood the difference between them.

3 a,b&c) What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why?
I will remember that positive reinforcement involves the addition of a desirable stimulus and negative reinforcement involves the removal of an aversive stimulus because we use positive and negative reinforcement a lot of times in our lives. Secondly, I will remember that a primary reinforcer is an unconditioned reinforcer because it does not require pairing other stimuli to function as a reinforcer. This relates to our everyday lives because we need primary reinforcers to survive such as air, food, and water. Primary reinforcers of those things like food, water, and air don't have to be learned in order to work as a reinforcer. Lastly, I will remember that primary and secondary reinforcers can have either a limited or broad value. Limited value is something that will wear off while broad value holds its own value depending on the context.

4 a&b) What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why?
I liked the fact that this section explained punishment in various ways in depth, compared to the earlier sections in which the pros and cons of punishment were not discussed. Also, I liked that this section included punishment in cross cultural perspective. In that way, we could get a gist of how people from different parts of the world view punishment.

5) What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why?
I honestly did not dislike anything in this section because I thought everything was informative and the material was easy to follow through.

6 a,b&c) What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why?
I will remember that using the technique of disrupting behavior is more effective than punishment. For instance, if a student is falling asleep in class the teacher can ask them how they are doing instead of yelling at them. This will then reduce their sleeping behavior in class. In addition, I will remember the cultural differences in punishment. This is because it is essential for us to be aware of what punishments are too harsh or lenient in certain cultures and how they view punishment. Lastly, I will remember that punishment needs to be consistent. Otherwise, the unwanted behavior could increase instead of decrease.

7) Now that you have been thinking about behavior modification for the past couple of weeks, we will start a mini behavioral observation project. We are going to start recording how many glasses of water we drink each day. You can just write these down on a piece of paper each day (starting today) and we will use your findings next week in one of these assignments. How much water to you think you drink each day?
Approximately 4 cups of water a day.

8) Once you are done with your post make list of the terms and terminology you used in your post.
Reinforcement, positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, punishment, positive punishment, negative punishment, primary reinforcer, secondary reinforcer, classical conditioning, limited value, broad value.

1 a&b) What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why? The examples of extinction and extinguish because they were really easy to understand.
2) What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why? I didn’t dislike anything in this section.
3 a,b&c) What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why? One) extinction is similar to punishment because it is used to decrease behavior. I will remember this because extinction sounds like something ending and decreasing behavior is also ending something.
Two) generalization occurs when people emit the same behavior under a variety of circumstances beyond what the behavior was originally learned in. I will remember this because the picky eater example reminds me of myself.

After reading section 2.5, please respond to the following questions.
4 a&b) What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why? I liked learning about continuous reinforcement because I feel like I will be able to apply it to my life easily.
5) What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why? There were a few confusing terms that I will have to pay close attention to, but otherwise nothing.
6 a,b&c) What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why? One) For a behavior to be under the control of reinforcement, it does not need to be reinforced every time. Two) Continuous reinforcement (CR) refers to getting reinforced every time a behavior is emitted. Three) Different reinforcement schedules will elicit different pattern of responding.
7a) You should now have a week's worth of data collected on how much water you drank each day for a week. Please fill out the information below:

Day 1 =
8oz
Day 2 =
8oz
Day 3 =
20oz
Day 4 =
160z
Day 5 =
80z
Day 6 =
18oz
Day 7 =
24oz
Average =14.5oz
7b) Most people do not drink enough water per day. The rule of thumb is eight 8-oz glasses a day (64 oz or about 2 liters). We would like you to use positive reinforcement to increase the amount of water you drink each day. Of course drinking water might make you feel healthier and that in itself may be reinforcing, what is something that you can reinforce yourself with if you can go 7 days drinking at least 64 oz water?
I will reward myself with one extra hour of Netflix time if I drink 64oz every day.
Keeping that in mind, for the next 7 days try to make your target behavior of 64 oz water so you can get your reinforcer at the end of the week.
P.S. if you are already drinking 64 or more oz of water let us know and we'll help you adapt the assignment to your current water drinking behaviors.
8) Once you are done with your post make list of the terms and terminology you used in your post.
Extinction
Extinguish
Punishment
Behavior
Generalization
Emit
continuous reinforcement
emitted
elicit

Section 2.2
1) The one thing I liked about this section is the definition of negative reinforcement which the removal of an aversive stimulus. This is because it made me realize I was confusing negative reinforcement with punishment. All this while, I was under the impression that any kind of punishment is the removal of a stimulus, be it aversive or pleasing.
2a&b) The one thing I disliked about this section is the fact that a generalized reinforcer can be better than a primary reinforcer. Like the example given which is money. This makes the line between a generalized reinforcer and a primary reinforcer a bit blurry.
3a,b&c) The three things I will remember from this section are positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement and the three types of reinforcers. The reason why I will remember positive and negative reinforcement is because it provides me with two alternatives to increase the likelihood of a behavior being elicited. As for the three types of reinforcers, it helps me grasp how Pavlov’s Operant Conditioning even deeper.
Section 2.3
4) The one thing I liked from this section is the part about abruptness of punishment. This is because it thought me that for a punishment to be effective, it needs to be aversive enough to make the organism stop.
5a&b) The one thing I disliked about this section is the part about extreme negative reinforcement. Because the use of an extreme negative reinforcement like “water boarding” to gain information is something I consider very inhumane. Especially when the US government justifies it by calling it a form of negative reinforcement instead of torture, because it gets information (target behavior) from the prisoners by removing the aversive stimulus (water).
6a,b&c) The three things I will remember from this section are the positive punishment, negative punishment and extreme negative reinforcement. I will remember positive and negative punishment because I plan on using these two behavior modification techniques to curb my smoking habit. As for extreme negative reinforcement, the fact that a torture method is packaged into a more politically correct term, does not mean it is supposed to be a form of interrogation and that I will always remember.
7) I probably drink only about 1 two 2 cups of water. Sometimes I can go throughout a whole day without drinking water at all which I probably should not be doing.
8) negative reinforcement, aversive stimulus, pleasing, primary reinforcer, generalized reinforcer, positive reinforcement, elicited, operant conditioning, abruptness of punishment, extreme negative reinforcement, target behavior.

1.The things I enjoyed about this reading section were the differences between extrinsic and intrinsic values, with extrinsic aspects not always being valuable for an individual and intrinsic aspects not necessarily valuable in social contexts. I also liked reading about positive and negative reinforcement because I easily understand reinforcement and enjoy reading the different examples.

2.What I least liked about this section were some of the vocabulary terms and how their meanings were similar which made it at times frustrating and slow to learn but the examples help to explain a most of them. The parts about generalized reinforcers tended to be somewhat vague but again the examples helped to clarify most of the confusion I had with them.

3.I will remember the difference between conditioned and unconditioned stimuli which I already had a solid understanding from in previous psychology courses. Unconditioned stimuli are not learned and are automatic responses like when we smell food we salivate. Conditioned stimuli are learned responses like Pavlov’s dogs were when they salivated upon hearing the bell ringing. I also will take away the concept that the context in which you are in will determine whether or not a primary or secondary reinforcer will have properties that are reinforcing. The last thing I remember from this section are the differences between primary and secondary reinforcers. Primary reinforcers are necessary for survival such as food, sex, safety, shelter, social belonging. Secondary reinforcers are associated with primary reinforcers and are known as conditioned reinforcers where are primary reinforcers are unconditioned.

4.One of my favorite parts about this section was the differences of punishment across different cultures. Reading about how punishment is used and viewed in other countries is important even compared to our own especially in the context of traveling to other countries. It is important to know the punishments that are valued in other countries as to avoid mistakenly being punished for something you thought was socially accepted.

5.After reading this section one of the things that I did not like how harshly punishment was viewed. I feel that in some situations punishment can be effective and valued even if ethically or morally wrong in some cases because it still yields results, it may not be the most effective method but it doesn’t mean it is ineffective either.

6.Knowing the differences between disruptive techniques and punishment will be something that I will remember from this section. Disrupting a behavior seems to be a more ethical and more effective approach to decrease an undesirable behavior by calling attention to it which will hopefully decrease the likelihood that the behavior is used in the future. Using punishment could potentially lead to resentment from the one being punished to the punisher which may not decrease the likelihood of the behavior occurring therefore rendering the punishment ineffective. Another important concept that I will remember from this reading was consistent punishment techniques in the circumstances in which punishment should be administered. For example when it comes to turning in assignments late the punishment for that behavior is not consistent when compared across different professors because some will accept late work at full credit, others at half credit, and others won’t accept it at all. The last thing I will take away from this section was not only is the frequency of punishment essential for decreasing a target behavior but also the immediacy when the punishment is applied. The longer that time passes in between the behavior and the punishment the less effective the punishment will be at decreasing the likelihood of the behavior occurring in the future.

7.After reading both of these sections we will not start a mini behavioral change project recording how many glasses of water are consumed each day. I know that I don’t drink very much water and in fact mostly drink milk throughout the day so for this project I will need to come up with some reinforcers to increase the likelihood that I will consume more and more water each day.

8.Terms: Punishment, Reinforcement, Reinforcers, Consistent Punishment, Behavior, Punisher, Disruptive Techniques, Conditioned Stimuli, Unconditioned Stimuli, Primary Reinforcer, Secondary Reinforcer, Intrinsic Values, Extrinsic Values, Positive Reinforcement, Negative Reinforcement, Generalized Reinforcers

Please read sections 2.2 (Reinforcement) and 2.3 (Punishment)
After reading the first section, please respond to the following questions.
1) What did you find interesting in the section? Why?
I thought that the section on Pavlov was interesting because it always catches my attention because I love dogs. I also like learning about how he trained his dogs to salivate at the presence of food, and then continued the behavior when there was no longer food. I think humans are conditioned similarly. When you see your food coming in a restaurant you are already started to salivate.
2) What did you find least interesting? Why?
I think Maslow’s hierarchy of needs was least interesting, but only because I have learned about it so much in all of my other classes. I understand that it is important for the sake of explaining primary reinforcers though.
3) How does the section relate to what you already knew/learned previously?
Note: This can be from previous chapters or from other classes, etc.
I have already learned about Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, but I think that the hierarchy is relevant to everyone because each individual needs to fill their physiological needs before they can think about anything else.
4) Based on what you read from this section, what are two things that relate to your life? How so?
I think that Maslow’s hierarchy of needs applies to my life because if I am hungry I cannot worry about my self actualization. I also think that Pavlov’s research applies to my life because when I know dinner is ready I am already salivating because I know it is time to eat.
After reading the second section, please respond to the following questions.
5) What did you find interesting in the section? Why?
In the past I had always confused positive punishment with negative reinforcement. I did not understand that they were two different terms, so I think it is really interesting to learn the definitions and see examples of both terms.
6) What did you find least interesting? Why?
I thought the ethical issues section was a little uninteresting, but necessary to have in the chapter.
7) How does the section relate to what you already knew/learned previously?
Note: This can be from previous chapters or from other classes, etc.
I have previously learned about negative punishment and positive punishment in my other psychology classes, but the information was not as in depth as this class.
8) Based on what you read from this section, what are two things that relate to your life? How so?
I think that using reinforcement is something that relates to my life. I try to use reinforcement instead of punishment, but both apply to my life. Recently I moved into my first apartment. I have never lived with these people before, so we decided in the beginning that we would have a punishment jar for when people leave their lights on or leave their dishes out. That has not worked as well as we thought it would because everyone gets upset when they have to add money to the jar. Instead I have moved to reinforcement because it is easier to influence people to keep cleaning up after themselves.
9) How has reading these sections influenced what you originally thought about behavior modification? How so?
It has changed what I think about behavior modification because I never thought about how easy it is to influence someone else. Just by using reinforcement you can influence someone to do exactly what you want, within reason.
10) BOP: Now that you have been thinking about behavior modification for the past couple of weeks, we will start a mini behavioral observation project. We are going to start recording how many glasses of water we drink each day. You can just write these down on a piece of paper each day (starting today) and we will use your findings next week in one of these assignments. How much water to you think you drink each day?
I think I probably only drink one glass of water a day.
11) Once you are done with your post make list of the terms and terminology you used in your post and put them at the bottom of your post.
Negative reinforcement, positive punishment, maslow’s hierarchy of needs, primary reinforcers, physiological needs, self-actualization, reinforcement, punishment, negative punishment

After reading section 2.2, please respond to the following questions.
1 a&b) What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why? I really liked the description of positive and negative reinforcement because they are always tricky to remember and not confuse with each other.
2) What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why? I didn’t dislike anything this section.
3 a,b&c) What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why? I will remember that positive reinforcement introduces a desirable stimulus. I will remember that negative reinforcement removes an aversive stimulus with the target behavior occurring. Lastly, a primary reinforcer is a stimulus that does not require pairing other stimuli to function as a reinforcer.
After reading section 2.3, please respond to the following questions.
4 a&b) What was one thing that you really liked that was in the section? Why? I liked the clarification of positive and negative punishment and the explanation of each one because it was easy to understand and remember.
5) What was one thing that you disliked (or liked least) that was in the section? Why? It was hard for me to think of some reinforcers that I find intrinsically valuable that others typically don’t.
6 a,b&c) What are three things you will remember from what you read in the section? Why? You should always be careful to make sure reinforcement and punishments are ethical. If you use punishment it should always be abrupt, have the appropriate intensity, be immediate, and consistent. Lastly, using the technique of disrupting the behavior can be an effective alternative to punishment.
7) Now that you have been thinking about behavior modification for the past couple of weeks, we will start a mini behavioral observation project. We are going to start recording how many glasses of water we drink each day. You can just write these down on a piece of paper each day (starting today) and we will use your findings next week in one of these assignments. How much water to you think you drink each day? If I am trying to be healthy I drink 8 glasses a day, if I’m not trying I never drink water because I don’t like it.
8) Once you are done with your post make list of the terms and terminology you used in your post.
Positive reinforcement
Negative reinforcement
Positive punishment
Negative punishment
Desirable stimulus
Reinforcer
Target behavior
Abrupt
Appropriate intensity
Immediate
Consistent
Disrupting the behavior

1) What did you find interesting in the section? Why?
Even though we have learned about it in past chapters, I still find it interesting that there is positive punishment. Before taking psychology classes I only thought of punishment as a bad thing and either getting my phone taking away or not being able to hang out with my friends as a punishment. I also found it interesting that the logic behind schools now putting turf in the ground on playgrounds instead of rock or pea gravel is to eliminate the behaviors the child may do with the rocks. I had never thought about this when seeing different schools. I also found the section on the intensity of punishment interesting because even cops have to consider this and which is why they carry different forms of "punishment" (guns, tasers etc.).

2) What did you find least interesting? Why?
The least interesting parts to me were the repeating parts. The section about the immediacy of the punishment. This was least interesting to me because it was very repetitive to the first section of the book along with the class discussions we have. Learning about how punishment and reinforcement needs to be consistent is also something that is repeated a lot but that's also the reason I probably know it so well.

3) How does the section relate to what you already knew/learned previously?
Note: This can be from previous chapters or from other classes, etc.
Taking previous classes in psychology like clinical psychology helped me learn about punishment. From the past classes I knew that the punishment needs to be immediately after the punishment and also that the consistency needs to be on point as well. I also knew about disrupting the operant behavior because of past class discussions.

4) Based on what you read from this section, what are two things that relate to your life? How so?
The section of disrupting the operant behavior relates to my life because after reading this I can now see how this happens to me everyday. The example in the book was perfect for me as a college student because it's very easy for me to zone out during class and then the professor happens to notice and tries to get me out of this behavior. We also have a cat in our apartment and we try to end her operant behavior by spraying her with a water bottle which normally scares her so she runs off and hides. We do this when she is in the act of chewing on phone chargers or biting into the pillows. The sections on frequency and immediacy relate to our training her very much.

After reading the second section, please respond to the following questions.

5) What did you find interesting in the section? Why?
I find the unconditioned stimulus vs. conditioned stimulus very interesting and I like learning about this in each of my psychology classes because it can be confusing at times so it helps to get a refresher. I think that it is interesting because you can make anything turn into a conditioned stimulus just by pairing two stimuli. This is something that is done not just on dogs with a bell but on students in a school when they hear a bell. Right before the bell they get anxious and often times can't sit still because they are wanting to leave class.

6) What did you find least interesting? Why?
The only thing I found least interesting in this section was the generalized reinforcer and I only found it not interesting is because I was confused on this part and don't really understand what the primary generalized reinforcers are.

7) How does the section relate to what you already knew/learned previously?
Note: This can be from previous chapters or from other classes, etc.
I had heard the story of Pavlov's dog in many classes. For example, Intro to Psych, Developmental Psych and Clinical Psych.

8) Based on what you read from this section, what are two things that relate to your life? How so?
The conditioned stimulus and unconditioned stimulus relates to everyone's lives. Around Thanksgiving when everyone is in the house and cooking food, most peoples' mouths may start to water because this is the unconditional stimulus. Another example of this relating to my life is when I lived back in my hometown. Montezuma is a small town of only about 2,000 and at one of the only restaurants in town, Dairy King. Many people stop as they are driving through Montezuma and I would always have to break the news to them that we don't accept checks. This was frustrating to many people because they didn't have any other form of payment. Some of the people had even taken slurps of their shakes or licks from their primary reinforcers (ice cream) and would have to not receive the reinforcer.

9) How has reading these sections influenced what you originally thought about behavior modification? How so?
So far from the class I have found that behavior modification is like a combination of all the psychology classes I have taken so far. I have noticed that I have heard of many of these topics from previous classes and I didn't know that all of it would tie back together in behavior modification.

10) BOP: Now that you have been thinking about behavior modification for the past couple of weeks, we will start a mini behavioral observation project. We are going to start recording how many glasses of water we drink each day. You can just write these down on a piece of paper each day (starting today) and we will use your findings next week in one of these assignments. How much water to you think you drink each day?

11) Once you are done with your post make list of the terms and terminology you used in your post and put them at the bottom of your post.
punishment, positive punishment, negative punishment, operant behavior, unconditioned stimulus, conditioned stimulus, generalized reinforcer, primary reinforcer, behavior modification

2.2

1) What did you find interesting in the section? Why?

- I found this section interesting because it discussed different types of values and reinforcers that we do and use everyday and when we're modifying a behavior.

2) What did you find least interesting? Why?

- What I found least interesting was repeating what positive and negative reinforcement was. But I understand why that was placed in the reading and it was a good refresher.

3) How does the section relate to what you already knew/learned previously?
Note: This can be from previous chapters or from other classes, etc.

- I had already known positive/negative reinforcement and primary/secondary reinforcers from previous classes. I had also learned about intrinsic and extrinsic value in my motivation and well being class last year.

4) Based on what you read from this section, what are two things that relate to your life? How so?

- I related to secondary reinforcers because that's the whole reason I have two jobs. I work a lot so that I can obtain money (secondary reinforcer) to buy things like food (primary reinforcer). I also related to conditioned stimulus/response because we use to give my cat canned food as a treat, so now he knows what a can opener sounds like and is very annoying when I don't give him canned food. We also use to give him running water from the tub faucet but this became a waste of water so we quit. Now whenever we go into the bathroom, he comes running in there and "begs" (more like demands) for running water in the tub.

2.3

5) What did you find interesting in the section? Why?

- What I found interesting was how much people dislike using punishment to modify behavior. And also that other countries see certain punishments are either too harsh or too easy which can make traveling difficult for some people because they might not know how to behave in those countries during certain situations.

6) What did you find least interesting? Why?

- I didn't find anything uninteresting, I enjoyed the whole section.

7) How does the section relate to what you already knew/learned previously?
Note: This can be from previous chapters or from other classes, etc.

- I had already known what positive and negative punishments were form previous classes but it was cool to read all the stories in the sections and background information because it helped me fully understand punishment.

8) Based on what you read from this section, what are two things that relate to your life? How so?

- One thing I related to was time out. When I was younger and I did something that my parents didn't like, I had to stand in a corner in a different room for some amount of time (usually 5-10 minutes). This was an example of positive punishment because my parents were adding on the time out to my behavior which decreased the occurrences. Another thing I related to was abrupting a behavior. My little brother likes to throw his toy trucks and we want to decrease this so when he's about to throw the toy, we distract him by making him laugh or giving him a different, softer toy to play with.

9) How has reading these sections influenced what you originally thought about behavior modification? How so?

- It has made me think about when is it appropriate to use reinforcement and punishment because it matters which technique you use. Sometimes you end up with the undesired behavior happening more often or you end the behavior.

10) BOP: Now that you have been thinking about behavior modification for the past couple of weeks, we will start a mini behavioral observation project. We are going to start recording how many glasses of water we drink each day. You can just write these down on a piece of paper each day (starting today) and we will use your findings next week in one of these assignments. How much water to you think you drink each day?

- I'm not really sure how much water I drink now. I would probably guess 3-4 cups of water. I have a really bad habit of not staying hydrated.

11) Once you are done with your post make list of the terms and terminology you used in your post and put them at the bottom of your post.

- Value, reinforcer, modifying, behaviors, positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, primary/secondary reinforcers, intrinsic and extrinsic value, positive punishment, abrupting

After reading the first section, please respond to the following questions.
1) What did you find interesting in the section? Why?
The thing I found to be the most interesting was learning the difference between primary and secondary reinforcers. This was the most interesting to me because I have always been a little confused about this topic. The book did a good job of describing it in a way that I could understand it better.

2) What did you find least interesting? Why?
The thing I found the least interesting was the section on generalized reinforcers. I think this because to me it just seems like more of a common sense situation. It was really easy to understand and therefore did not hold my attention very well.

3) How does the section relate to what you already knew/learned previously?
This section relates to previous sections because it builds on the different types of reinforcement there are. Such as positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, primary reinforcers, secondary reinforcers, and generalized reinforcers.
Note: This can be from previous chapters or from other classes, etc.

4) Based on what you read from this section, what are two things that relate to your life? How so?
The first thing that relates to my life is the example used for generalized reinforcers. For the longest time I have told people if they want to get me something for my birthday, the best thing is just to give me money/gift card and then I can go get whatever I want. Another thing that applies to my life is intrinsic value. I often try to get my friend to want to go out to scary movie with me, but I didn’t realize the reason they never want to is because these events have a low intrinsic value to them, while they have a high intrinsic value to me.

After reading the second section, please respond to the following questions.
5) What did you find interesting in the section? Why?
The section about having a society without punishment was the most interesting to me. The reason I found this section the most interesting is because I am also a criminology major, so reading about how behavior modification and the law go together causes me to think deeper about what a society without punishment would be like.

6) What did you find least interesting? Why?
The thing I found the least interesting was the section on cultural differences in punishment. This was the least interesting to me, because different countries use different punishments because that is what works in their society. To me, this section didn’t really add anything to my knowledge of punishment.

7) How does the section relate to what you already knew/learned previously?
This section builds on what we already know about punishments. It adds to my knowledge by talking about the abruptness, intensity, and effectiveness of punishment. It also talks about how you don’t always have to punish a person in order to stop their behavior, instead you can simply just disrupt the behavior that is being emitted.
Note: This can be from previous chapters or from other classes, etc.

8) Based on what you read from this section, what are two things that relate to your life? How so?
The first thing that relates to me is the immediacy of punishment. This played a big role when I used to work at a daycare. Whenever a child misbehaved we would need to remove them from the situation and talk to them about what they did wrong so that they understood why they were being punished. Another thing that relates to my life is the frequency of punishment. I tend to speed more often than not when I am driving, I don’t get punished (get a ticket) often enough to decrease my behavior of speeding.

9) How has reading these sections influenced what you originally thought about behavior modification? How so?
When I first started this class I thought behavior modification was rather straightforward. However, I was wrong. There is so much more to punishment and reinforcement than i ever thought there was. What I have learned has helped me understand how behavior modification is happening everyday even when you don’t notice it.

10) BOP: Now that you have been thinking about behavior modification for the past couple of weeks, we will start a mini behavioral observation project. We are going to start recording how many glasses of water we drink each day. You can just write these down on a piece of paper each day (starting today) and we will use your findings next week in one of these assignments. How much water do you think you drink each day?
I don’t drink very much water on a daily basis. I usually drink sugar free powerade. But, I might drink like one or two glasses of water.

11) Terms: punishment, reinforcement, negative reinforcement, positive punishment, intensity of punishment, effectiveness of punishment, abruptness of punishment, behavior modification, emitted, punished, misbehave, primary reinforcer, secondary reinforce, generalized reinforcer, intrinsic value

Please read sections 2.2 (Reinforcement) and 2.3 (Punishment)
After reading the first section, please respond to the following questions.
1) What did you find interesting in the section? Why? I really enjoyed that you still used information from previous chapters to summarize the meaning or reinforcement and that you integrated new information through out the chapter that tied in the information that we have already learned. I liked that you separated each subject into their own paragraph and examples for each thing. I feel like the examples in this chapter were easy to understand and it helped me with my examples as well. Target behaviors were a little confusing at first but after a while, I got used to it. I learned about Pavlov’s experiment but even to this day I sometimes still get UCS, UCR, CS and CR confused but your examples made it a little easier to understand. I liked that you associated the word conditioning with the word learn. I really liked that you used pets and animals as examples during primary and secondary reinforcers.
2) What did you find least interesting? Why? You mention to stay away from the words positive and negative reinforcement and to use pleasurable and aversive instead but in the second paragraph, it looks like the words positive and negative were being used. I learned about Pavlov’s experiment but even to this day I sometimes still get UCS, UCR, CS and CR confused. Primary and Secondary reinforcers definitely confused me.
3) How does the section relate to what you already knew/learned previously? I really liked Pavlov’s experiment. I learned about it in Intro to Psych and it was always an experiment that I found interesting and it helped to review it.
4) Based on what you read from this section, what are two things that relate to your life? How so? One thing is that I now search for target behaviors now that I learned more about them and second, I really like animals so I enjoyed that you used animal examples in the reading.

After reading the second section, please respond to the following questions.
5) What did you find interesting in the section? Why? I really liked the examples that you had for Punishment in the first paragraph as well. I like that we review over punishment in more detail. I also found it interesting how you talk about how we will use punishment and reinforcement in our daily lives to modify people’s behaviors with out them noticing. Although some people find this manipulating.
6) What did you find least interesting? Why? After reading the first section, this second section really wears down information which can make things frustrating.
7) How does the section relate to what you already knew/learned previously? This chapter really went in depth with punishment which we have already previously learned.
8) Based on what you read from this section, what are two things that relate to your life? How so? One thing that relates to my life is that I am now using these techniques in life to get people to act the way I want them to, although that sounds kind of funny. Another thing is that we use punishment whether it is aversive or pleasurable punishment to modify behaviors today. I usually use them on my pets but eventually they will be used on my children.
9) How has reading these sections influenced what you originally thought about behavior modification? How so?
I feel like we have gone in depth with these subjects and that it really does look like we are manipulating people to act the way we want them to but once you really learn how to modify a behavior, then it seems normal.
10) BOP: Now that you have been thinking about behavior modification for the past couple of weeks, we will start a mini behavioral observation project. We are going to start recording how many glasses of water we drink each day. You can just write these down on a piece of paper each day (starting today) and we will use your findings next week in one of these assignments. How much water to you think you drink each day?
40 ozs of water
11) Terminology: Reinforcement, aversive, pleasurable, target behavior, Pavlov, US, USR, CR, CS, conditioning, primary, secondary reinforcers, punishment, modify, manipulate

Section 2.2
1) The one thing I liked about this section is the definition of negative reinforcement which the removal of an aversive stimulus. This is because it made me realize I was confusing negative reinforcement with punishment. All this while, I was under the impression that any kind of punishment is the removal of a stimulus, be it aversive or pleasing. This I would later find out to be completely wrong because negative not all kind of punishment is the removal of stimulus, a punishment could also mean adding an aversing stimulus which would be positive punishment.
2a&b) The one thing I disliked about this section is the fact that a generalized reinforcer can be better than a primary reinforcer. Like the example given which is money. This makes the line between a generalized reinforcer and a primary reinforcer a bit blurry. It confused me quite a bit and I had to read it over and over again the the idea clear in my mind.
3a,b&c) The three things I will remember from this section are positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement and the three types of reinforcers. The reason why I will remember positive and negative reinforcement is because it provides me with two alternatives to increase the likelihood of a behavior being elicited. As for the three types of reinforcers, it helps me grasp how Pavlov’s Operant Conditioning even deeper which is very important in my opinion in this behavior modification class.

Section 2.3
4) The one thing I liked from this section is the part about abruptness of punishment. This is because it taught me that for a punishment to be effective, it needs to be aversive enough to make the organism stop and this made a lot of sense. Because if there is a delay in the enforcement of a certain punishment be it positive or negative, this delay reduces the effect of a punishment significantly. That defeats the purpose of a punishment.
5a&b) The one thing I disliked about this section is the part about extreme negative reinforcement. Because the use of an extreme negative reinforcement like “water boarding” to gain information is something I consider very inhumane. Especially when the US government justifies it by calling it a form of negative reinforcement instead of torture, because it gets information (target behavior) from the prisoners by removing the aversive stimulus (water).
6a,b&c) The three things I will remember from this section are the positive punishment, negative punishment and extreme negative reinforcement. I will remember positive and negative punishment because I plan on using these two behavior modification techniques to curb my smoking habit. As for extreme negative reinforcement, the fact that a torture method is packaged into a more politically correct term, does not mean it is supposed to be a form of interrogation and that I will always remember.
7) I probably drink only about 1 two 2 cups of water. Sometimes I can go throughout a whole day without drinking water at all which I probably should not be doing.
8) negative reinforcement, aversive stimulus, pleasing, primary reinforcer, generalized reinforcer, positive reinforcement, elicited, operant conditioning, abruptness of punishment, extreme negative reinforcement, target behavior.

Section 2.2
1) What did you find interesting in the section? Why?
What I found interesting in the section would be intrinsic and extrinsic value. I find this interesting because everyone has a different opinion on what they value and how much they value something. This can change our behavior and the behavior of others towards you. Take animals for example, some people really value their pet and would give them anything but if you aren’t a pet person then you would have a less intrinsic value.

2) What did you find least interesting? Why?
What I found was least interesting was where the book talked about positive reinforcement. I know the book said repetition is good for remembering but I found this least interesting because I know a lot about it already from previous chapters in the book.

3) How does the section relate to what you already knew/learned previously?
Through my other psychology classes I have taken I’ve learned about classical conditioning with UCS, UCR, CS, and CR. And I’ve also knew about Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs which talks about what we need to survive. In the beginning chapters of this book we talked about Reinforcement in general including positive and negative reinforcement.

4) Based on what you read from this section, what are two things that relate to your life? How so?
One thing that relates to my life from this section would be primary reinforcers. This relates to my life because I need air, food, and water to survive and to reproduce for the survival of the human race. Without primary reinforcers we would not survive. A second thing in this section that relates to my life is intrinsic values. What I value is different than what others value and this impacts the way I behave and what I care about.

Section 2.3
5) What did you find interesting in the section? Why?
What I found interesting in this section would be cultural differences in punishment. I thought this was the most interesting part because I like learning about different countries in general and reading about the different punishments was very interesting to read.

6) What did you find least interesting? Why?
What I found least interesting in this section would be positive and negative punishment. I found this the least interesting because it was the hardest to understand. After reading the paragraphs a couple times about positive and negative punishment I still didn’t understand the differences.

7) How does the section relate to what you already knew/learned previously?
From previous chapters in the book I’ve learned about punishment but in this section punishment was explored deeper. I knew culturally there are different forms of punishment but I didn’t know what punishments they inflicted. Apart from punishment in general I don’t know a lot about it.

8) Based on what you read from this section, what are two things that relate to your life? How so?
One thing that relates to my life from this section is the immediacy of the punishment. If I was trying to punish my dog for something she did ten minutes ago she’s not going to know what I’m punishing her for so punishing her will be completely pointless. Another thing that relates to my life from this section is the frequency of the punishment. For punishment to be effective it needs to be consistent. For an undesirable behavior to be stopped punishment needs to happen each time for the behavior to be changed.

9) How has reading these sections influenced what you originally thought about behavior modification? How so?
Reading these sections have influenced me on what I originally thought about behavior modifications by teaching me that punishment needs to be consistent to change a behavior and the behavior needs to be addressed immediately for the best results.

10) BOP: Now that you have been thinking about behavior modification for the past couple of weeks, we will start a mini behavioral observation project. We are going to start recording how many glasses of water we drink each day. You can just write these down on a piece of paper each day (starting today) and we will use your findings next week in one of these assignments. How much water do you think you drink each day?
I drink about 4-5 glasses of water each day.

11) Vocab: intrinsic, extrinsic, positive reinforcement, primary reinforcers, positive punishment, negative punishment

1.Secondary or conditioned reinforcers are interesting to me because I haven’t really learned much about this topic before. Reading about something that you don’t know much about is more interesting than reading something you already know. I also found Maslows Hierarchy of needs to be interesting about the primary reinforcers. I found this to be interesting because I have learned them before but it isn’t something that stuck with me and I enjoyed rereading about it.

2.I thought the beginning part of the section was the least interesting because I have learned talked and discussed so much about positive and negative reinforcement. It is over discussed in most psychology classes. I think the topic just gets boring because there are only so many things you can talk about with positive and negative reinforcement.

3.This sections relates to what we already learned because it talks about reinforcement and the different types of reinforcement. It also uses many terms that we have already learned in the last chapter like target behaviors. We have talked about positive and negative reinforcement in previous sections that we have read. I have also learned a lot about the types of reinforcement and examples of reinforcement in my other psychology courses. I have also discussed a lot of the terms before that are in this section but I have not really learned much about them so this chapter relates to my previous knowledge by building on it.

4.Generalized Reinforcers relates to my life because it talks about how you can use one reinforcer and it promotes many things and the value of it doesn’t change it means the same thing every time you get it. This relates to my life because at work we use the term good job as a reinforcer for many different things such as using the bathroom or coloring inside the lines, even though it is reinforcing different behaviors it still means the same thing. Positive and negative reinforcement it another thing that relates to my life because I use it everyday at work to get the desired appropriate behavior in the daycare.

5.I thought learning about the immensity and immediacy of punishment was very interesting because I have never thought about look at punishment that way. It’s not something I have discussed in other classes so I really enjoyed those sections.

6.I found reading about what positive and negative punishment is to be the least interesting because like I said with reinforcement it’s a redundant over covered topic at this point in my degree we cover this topic in almost every single one of my psychology courses. I understand that it is the main point of behavior modification and it is very important that we understand it but reading about it all the time makes the topic dull and boring.

7.This sections relates to what I already know because have discussed punishment in almost all of the sections that we have covered so far. This section does however build on some of the more specific areas of punishment that aren’t always covered in so much depth. This section also talks about positive and negative punishment, how effective punishment is and how we punish, those are all things that I have covered in other courses that I have taken in the past so this section builds on previous knowledge as well.

8.The frequency of Positive and negative punishment are to things that relate to my life because I do use it often at work with the children, although I try to use reinforcement more often than punishment there are still appropriate times for punishment. I do try to use reinforcement and punishment on a consistent behavioral basis.

9.Behavior modification relates a lot more to psychology that I originally thought it was going to after reading the first few chapters. I also didn’t think I would know as much as I do or it would relate to my other classes as much as it does. I think it is interesting that we learn how to modify behaviors and how the process of modifying the behaviors works.

10.I think I drink about 15 cups of water a day.

11.Reinforcement, Conditioned reinforcers, secondary reinforcers, positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, target behaviors, Primary reinforcers, Maslows hierarchy of needs, generalized reinforcers, punishment, positive punishment, negative punishment, effectiveness of punishment, frequency of punishement, consistent, immensity, immediacy,

After reading the first section, please respond to the following questions.
1) What did you find interesting in the section? Why?
I enjoyed that you covered reinforcement again, going more in depth this time. I really enjoy learning this way because it is easier for me to understand instead of learning about all of it in one huge burst. The examples in the section were easy to understand and helped me be able to come up with my own.
2) What did you find least interesting? Why?
I know that Pavlov made a huge discovery in psychology and behavior modification, but as a senior psychology major, I am tired of hearing about it. I have learned about it in almost every psychology class I have taken, so I already know the experiment well. Stating this, it wasn’t interesting to me, but I do know the importance of going over it again and it never hurts to freshen up on the details.
3) How does the section relate to what you already knew/learned previously?
Note: This can be from previous chapters or from other classes, etc.
As I stated above, Pavlov relates to what I already know from previous classes because I have covered him in numerous. The sections reinforcement and punishment reinforce my knowledge of those definitions and allow me to get a concrete idea of it in my head.
4) Based on what you read from this section, what are two things that relate to your life? How so?
I can relate to the Pavlov study. I have two dogs at home and they used to start drooling once we got the food and set it in front of them. They are trained to sit and wait until we say it’s okay for them to eat. After a while of this, as soon as they heard us grab their metal bowls they would start drooling. Another thing I can relate to is secondary reinforcers. I have had a job since I was 13. First it was babysitting after school, then an actual job at subway at 15. Money is a huge reinforcer to me. When I was younger, I could get so many secondary reinforcers, and even some primary reinforcers when I would go out to eat with my friends. With the secondary reinforcer of money, I know when I was younger I spent a lot on the video games, The Sims. To my friends, this was a waste of money, but for me it had a lot of intrinsic value, while to them it had a low extrinsic value.
After reading the second section, please respond to the following questions.
5) What did you find interesting in the section? Why?
I liked the refresher on punishment. I enjoyed that you gave three different examples for positive punishment and negative punishment. It really gave me a clear understanding of what it was, and the examples also helped me write my own. One of my favorite sections was the cultural differences. I enjoyed this because it is interesting to see how other countries handle crime to me because I am also a criminology major.
6) What did you find least interesting? Why?
I didn’t dislike anything in the section. It all interested me.
7) How does the section relate to what you already knew/learned previously?
Note: This can be from previous chapters or from other classes, etc.
This section relates to what I have already learned about punishment from this class and others. The section about having a society without punishment makes me think of one of my criminology classes. We had a debate about how society would work if we did not punish people for their crimes, so it made me think about what my peers had said.
8) Based on what you read from this section, what are two things that relate to your life? How so?
I can relate to the abruptness, intensity, immediacy, and frequency of punishment. I worked at Four Oaks, so I know how important it is to be consistent with punishment. If you aren’t strict enough, do not give it when it is due or do not punish every time, it will be hard for the child to understand what they did wrong, or they will just not care. Another thing, I can relate to is also related to Four Oaks. When a child was starting to throw a severe tantrum, the staff would try to disrupt the operant behavior. If we could accomplish to distract the child long enough, they would calm down and be able to participate in the group work.
9) How has reading these sections influenced what you originally thought about behavior modification? How so?
Before, I started this class I thought behavior modification was just a fancy way of manipulating someone to act as you believe they should. This class has opened my eyes and know I realize that we really are changing the behaviors instead of manipulating.
10) BOP: Now that you have been thinking about behavior modification for the past couple of weeks, we will start a mini behavioral observation project. We are going to start recording how many glasses of water we drink each day. You can just write these down on a piece of paper each day (starting today) and we will use your findings next week in one of these assignments. How much water to you think you drink each day?
I think I will elicit the behavior of drinking eight cups of water a day.
11) Once you are done with your post make list of the terms and terminology you used in your post and put them at the bottom of your post.
Reinforcement, punishment, Pavlov, behavior modification, secondary reinforcers, primary reinforcers, intrinsic, extrinsic, positive punishment, negative punishment, abruptness of punishment, intensity of punishment, immediacy of punishment, frequency of punishment, disrupting the operant behavior, elicit, behavior

1) One topic that I found interesting in this section was positive and negative reinforcement. When I first learned about it in my high school psychology class, it confused me and took me forever to get the concepts down. I am glad that I learned about them and got them down before taking this class because then it’s less confusing for me and more interesting. I like the thought that adding and removing something can give you the same effect: reinforcing a target behavior.

2) The topic that I found least interesting in this section was the whole discussion about primary, secondary, and generalized reinforcer. I remember learning about this in high school as well, but for some reason this explanation of it during this section confuses me. I’m still a little confused about what specific examples of each reinforcer would be. The only reason I didn’t like these topics was just because I got more confused than anything. I think I understand the basics about what each is, it would just be nice to get a better example for each one to help make sure I’m comprehending it correctly.

3) Previously in class and in the sections before, we have talked about reinforcement and reinforcers a lot. So the discussion in the chapter just went further into depth to make sure that we are really understanding the concept. I have also already learned about intrinsic and extrinsic values. After you learn about them, they are almost even common sense, and you can easily spot examples of them in life.

4) The first thing that relates to my life is Maslow’s hierarchy of needs. It is very accurate about which needs come first in our lives. Without food and water, the needs for safety are almost no longer there. There’s certain things in life that everyone needs over others. I know when I get super hungry, everything else seems to fade away, and I won’t be happy until I get some food into my system.
The second thing that relates to my life is the intrinsic and extrinsic values. There are so many things in life that are valued differently by each person. We find this type of thing in society, with trends and how each generation is known for something different depending on what their values are placed on. But that doesn’t mean everyone in that generation was the same, there could have been “rebellious” people who put a lot of intrinsic value on something and didn’t care about the low extrinsic value that society put on it. There is just so many different ways that intrinsic and extrinsic values fit into my life, it would be hard to write them all down.

5) Something I found interesting was the part about how punishment can cause a decrease in other behaviors as well as the undesired behavior, or cause the one being punished to have a dislike for the punisher. I guess I never really thought about the other effects that punishment can have on the people involved, only ever talked about how it would help reduce undesired behaviors.

6) What I found least interesting in this section is the part about the cultural differences in punishment. For some reason it just didn’t interest me, and almost seemed out of place. I understand how it relates, and what it is there for, but since I am probably not going to be visiting other cultures soon where I have to use punishment, it just seemed a little irrelevant to me. It was probably something good to think about, it was just my least favorite part of the section.

7) Going back to the punishment having more of an effect than just decreasing the unwanted behavior, it really all makes sense to me now. Before I couldn’t really understand why reinforcement worked better than punishment. I thought for sure punishment would work better because if the severity is right, the person wouldn’t want to behave in that undesired way again, and have a faster process than reinforcement. Well I was correct in the fact that punishment can work faster, but the other implications that punishment brings about makes more sense about why reinforcement is better. Also the fact that reinforcement is a more encouraging and favorable way to modify behavior.

8) The first thing that relates to my life is the two types of punishment. I have had both of them used on me when I was growing up by my parents. The most common punishments that I got were being grounded, so negative punishment because my privileges to hang out with friends and go on the computer were taken away. And the positive punishment that I received a lot growing up was having to do extra chores like wash the dishes for a week or something like that.
The second thing that relates to my life is the immediacy of punishment. I have learned a lot about how the consequence of the punishment should occur right away after the undesired behavior. Mainly I’ve used that a lot in my life with my dog. Punishing the dog, by giving them a shock when they don’t follow the command given is important because you have to shock them right away. If you wait a while to administer the shock, then the dog will be confused because they don’t know what they are getting shocked for.

9) The only thing that these sections have done for me, is to help expand my knowledge on, and go over again the terms and concepts that I already know. But I guess the talking about the other effects that punishment can have on the people involved was something that I had just never thought about before. And I’m sure that there are ways that reinforcement affects the people involved as well.

10) My guess is that I drink 5 glasses of water a day

11) Terms: positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, target behavior, primary reinforcer, secondary reinforcer, generalized reinforcer, intrinsic value, extrinsic value, Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, punishment, reinforcement, behavior

1. I found it interesting in this chapter to learn about conditioned vs. unconditioned stimuli. We learn or change our behavior with a conditioned stimuli using a primary and secondary reinforcer, not a unconditioned stimuli. I found learning the difference between the two different types helped me understand more about the section.

2. What I found least interesting in this section was learning about context. I understand it is important to know about the context of the situation when learning and trying to modify behavior but I just thought it was kind of boring to learn about.

3. This section relates to what I have already learned about reinforcement. I’ve already known about the difference between positive and negative reinforcement from previous classes but this chapter just went more in depth and I learned more than I knew before.

4. Two things that relate to my life are the use of positive reinforcement and a generalized reinforcer. Positive reinforcement I see all the time in my life with someone saying good job or myself saying that to someone else for doing a desired behavior. A generalized reinforcer relates to my life because I get money from working long and hard hours and then I can go back and use that money on another thing and reinforces me and makes me happy.

5. In this section I found it interesting learning about the effects of punishment and how it can be negative to people. I’ve always heard that reinforcement is better for learning than punishment and know I understand more since the chapter talked about it’s effectiveness, how it is abrupt, intense, and immediate. It just made me think about times where I have either been on the receiving or giving side of punishment.

6. In this section I found it least interesting to read about operant conditioning in relation to punishment. I just felt like that part came out of nowhere and I already knew a lot about operant conditioning before reading this chapter so I thought that part was just a little boring.

7. This section relates to what I previously knew because it talked about positive and negative punishment. We have gone over a little bit about what each kind of punishment is and I remember talking about it in previous classes as well. However, it did go more in depth when talking about the difference between the two and I did like that.

8.Two things that relate to my life are negative punishment and the frequency of punishment. Negative punishment relates to my life because when I was growing up I would go over my texting limit and the bill would be very high so then I would get my phone taken away. Frequency of punishment relates to me because I see many children doing bad things they are not supposed to do and then the parents will only do or say something about when it pleases them. Punishment is not going to work unless it is frequently done with that certain undesirable action.

9. Reading these two sections kind of influenced what I thought about behavior modification because I understand more about the ways to modify someone’s behaviors and how to do it effectively. It helped me more understand the reason we modify behaviors to better people and that behavior modification can have a negative consequence in some situations if done incorrectly.

10. My guess is that I drink maybe three glasses of water a day.

11. Terms: Primary reinforcer, secondary reinforcer, reinforcement, positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, punishment, operant conditioning, negative punishment, frequency of punishment, generalized reinforcer.

1) What did you find interesting in the section? Why?
I thought the section about conditioned vs. unconditioned stimuli was interesting. I had heard and read about Pavlov’s experiment with the dogs previously, but to reread it was interesting. I liked the reminder of what an unconditioned stimulus and unconditioned response were. The comparison of conditioning as learning was a good way to describe it and made it an easy way for me to remember the term and what it meant.
I also enjoyed the section about Maslow’s hierarchy of needs and the description of primary and secondary reinforcers. I had never hear of those terms before and the way they were described was very understandable.

2) What did you find least interesting? Why?
There wasn’t anything in this section that I didn’t really find uninteresting. The part about positive and negative reinforcement was good review because I can often get them confused with other term meanings. The paragraphs about primary, secondary, and generalized reinforcers was all new information to me that I found very interesting.

3) How does the section relate to what you already knew/learned previously?
Note: This can be from previous chapters or from other classes, etc.
This section related to what I already knew about Pavlov and his experiment with the dogs. I had learned about that in a previous class, but rereading it was a good reminder. I had forgotten about the unconditioned stimulus, UCR, CR, and CS and their different meanings and importance in behavior modification.
I had also learned in a previous section in this class what positive and negative reinforcement were but like I said above, I can sometimes have a difficult time keeping their definitions straight and reading them again is good review. Another thing I had learned was the use of the terms pleasing and aversive when talking about reinforcements, instead of using positive and negative. Those terms are used elsewhere.

4) Based on what you read from this section, what are two things that relate to your life? How so?
I can relate Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs to my life. According to him, all the needs in his hierarchy are all basic needs, which makes them primary reinforcers. Primary reinforcers meet social and safety needs, as well as water, food, sex, and air. We need them in order to survive, and I can relate to that because I need food, water, air, and other parts of his hierarchy to survive.
Another thing I can relate to my life is the use of money as a generalized reinforcer. I use money to acquire other reinforcers; such as food and water. It is much more convenient to carry around and store and then use it when I need to, as opposed to only getting what I need to survive and then storing that.

After reading the second section, please respond to the following questions.
5) What did you find interesting in the section? Why?
I find the terms positive and negative punishment very interesting. I didn’t know there could be types of punishment until I begun this class and started reading the sections. It’s an whole new concept to think that just by either introducing an aversive stimulus or taking it away can change the type of punishment. I had only ever heard of positive and negative reinforcement before.
I also thought the example with the employee of a bar that was used to describe the different consequences that can come from punishment was interesting. It is definitely very true how you can intend to punish a person for a certain type of behavior and they can decrease that behavior in all instances, even when it isn’t always bad. And then that person might emit other less desirable behaviors because they feel like they shouldn’t have been scolded.

6) What did you find least interesting? Why?
Again, I didn’t really find anything in this section not interesting. A good amount of the information was new, which usually makes it more interesting to read. What I had read before though was still of interest to me because it was information that I wasn’t totally comfortable with, and was good review to help me remember.

7) How does the section relate to what you already knew/learned previously?
Note: This can be from previous chapters or from other classes, etc.
I had read in previous sections what positive and negative punishment were, but I wasn’t very comfortable with how to properly use the terms. However, after going over them again I have a better feel for how to use them correctly.
I had already known, from the media discussions, about the controversial topic of the use water boarding as interrogation. The US considers it negative reinforcement; the target behavior is revealing desired information and removing the aversive water is the negative reinforcement.
The cultural differences in punishment were also something that I had previously known. Cultures can be very different from one another. What might be a punishment in one culture could be reinforcement in a different one. It just depends on where you’re from.

8) Based on what you read from this section, what are two things that relate to your life? How so?
One thing I can relate to my life is the example of the employee of a bar being scolded for reading and so on. I know I have been punished for something in the past which has made me decrease that behavior in all situations because I was afraid of the chance of being punished again. I have also felt unjustly scolded and in retribution not have done a very good job at other things.
Disrupting the operant behavior is another relation I can make. I’ve been in the middle of telling a story before and had something happen; like a phone ring a something falls, that has distracted me and disrupted the behavior. Sometimes disrupting the operant behavior can be better than punishment.

9) How has reading these sections influenced what you originally thought about behavior modification? How so?
I am continually learning about all the different terms and parts of behavior modification. I am usually awed by all the different components and terms there are. It’s so much more complex than I ever could have thought. That complexity makes it interesting though.

10) BOP: Now that you have been thinking about behavior modification for the past couple of weeks, we will start a mini behavioral observation project. We are going to start recording how many glasses of water we drink each day. You can just write these down on a piece of paper each day (starting today) and we will use your findings next week in one of these assignments. How much water to you think you drink each day?
I think I drink about 40 oz on average. I have a 32 oz waterbottle that I usually drink all of throughout the day and then fill at least half way or more up again.

Terms: Conditioned response, unconditioned response, hierarchy of needs, primary, secondary, generalized needs, negative reinforcement, positive reinforcement, pleasing, aversive, negative punishment, positive punishment, operant behavior

1) I have done a good amount of research and listened to lectures on Ivan Pavlov and his experiment with the salivating dogs, and I still find it very interesting. Pavlov dug farther into the concept of classical conditioning, introduced first by B.F Skinner. Pavlov found that the dogs salivated when the meat powder was present, but also when he rang the bell before the dogs received the meat powder, meaning that the bell triggered the dogs to start salivating before the meat was present. I find this interesting because this experiment was such a key component for defining classical conditioning, and psychology as a whole.
2) I really didn’t find anything that was horrible to learn about in this section. I have learned or heard about most of the topics before but it was nice rereading and reemphasizing the major topics we have already covered in class. I am the type of student that needs to reread something a few times before it actually sinks in, so this was very helpful for me.
3) We have already covered positive and negative reinforcement, which relates to most of the topics we have covered. The response to stimuli and what behavior has been emitted has already been covered but it can also be related to unconditioned stimulus, going back to Ivan Pavlov’s experiment with the salivating dogs, the meat powder is considered unconditioned stimulus, and this elicits a natural drooling response from the dogs, which is called unconditioned response.
4) One thing that can be related to everyone is Maslow’s hierarchy of needs. This is Abraham Maslow’s theory for the idea that everyone needs to accomplish physiological needs first before moving onto the next stage. Safety needs has to be met before going on to belongingness and love needs, then esteem needs, then aesthetic and cognitive needs, then lastly self-actualization. It was been said that self-actualization is practically impossible to achieve because an individual has to be completely secure with every other category in the pyramid.
5) In this section I enjoyed learning more about punishment. It was stated that there are many different types of punishment and the severity of the outcome. Punishments that are less severe may have to be given a few times before it stops the behavior that is undesirable and to get to the target behavior. On the other had if the punishment is more severe, the target may appear more quickly, normally out of fear.
6) I found that the part where the text was taking about a society without punishment was a little redundant. I didn’t necessarily dislike this section, it just wasn’t the most interesting to me because I feel like we all know what would happen if there was zero punishment in a society. It would be chaotic. Punishment has a bad stigma attached to it, but in psychology I feel as though this is a necessity for behavior and for target behaviors to work.
7) Since we have already covered punishment, I feel like we already have learned most of this section. I do like how the reading went more in depth on different types of punishment. I also enjoyed reading about how other cultures deal with punishment and how they use the tactics of positive and negative reinforcement and punishment. It’s interesting to see how similar the United States and other places around the world do use the same tactics for modifying behavior.
8) I can relate negative and positive reinforcement/punishment to training my cat. I use positive reinforcement when he uses his litterbox, and conduct negative reinforcement when he goes to the bathroom on the carpet by taking away one of his favorite toys. Another way this content is related to my life is using positive punishment on my roommate when she bites her nails, I tap her on the head to make her stop the behavior.
9) These reading have just expanded on my original thoughts about behavior modification, in the sense that there are categories under behavior modification and there are also subcategories that go more in depth of what the category means and how it is related to an individual’s everyday life.
10) I drink a good amount of water a day, so I am going to go with at least 12 cups a water a day.
Terms: classical conditioning, positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, stimuli, emit, unconditioned stimulus, unconditioned response, punishment, reinforcement, target behavior.

1.) What I found most interesting about section 2.2 on Reinforcement was the concepts Intrinsic and Extrinsic value. I found this most interesting, because I’ve never learned about it before. Intrinsic value is the value an individual puts on something. When referring to a one hundred dollar bill, the paper that it is on is the value. Extrinsic value is the value others place on the item. For the one hundred dollar bill it would refer to the things they want to buy with that money. Some people might not put value on reinforcers such as good grades or money. In this case, the reinforcer wouldn’t be intrinsically important. Even if the intrinsic value is low, the extrinsic value may still be desired by others.
2.) The least interesting part of this article was probably the Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs. I didn’t find this very interesting because I think it’s common knowledge. The reason why is because we all need these things to survive. If we were deprived of one of them, of course it would be appealing to us, because that is a survival need.
3.) This section on reinforcement relates to what I already know because I learned this in Introduction to Psychology and as a review in Research Methods.
4.) Two things that would relate to my life would be positive and negative reinforcement. These are techniques my parents used on me as a child. If I got a good grade on a test or did a good deed, I would get a gold star on this poster. There were different prizes for each amount of gold star so this also taught me about motivation.
5.) I found two things interesting in Section 2.3 on Punishment. The first thing I found interesting was about how important the immediacy of Punishment is. According to the section, in order for punishment to work, you need to punish the person right after the unwanted behavior occurs. If you do wait a small amount of time to punish, it can decrease the effectiveness of the punishment continuing. The second thing I found interesting was the frequency of punishment importance. This paragraph described that in order for a punishment to work, every time the unwanted behavior occurs, you have to keep punishing it.
6.) The least interesting thing I read about in this section I think was the chapter on positive punishment and negative punishment just for the reason that I have learned about that in three other classes.
7.) I have learned about punishment in Introduction to Psychology, Social Psychology, and Developmental Psychology.
8.) I have experienced positive punishment and negative punishment in my life. Positive punishment occurred in grade school when I swore with a friend around who didn’t like swearing. She didn’t talk to me for a while because I swore, which caused me not to swear anymore. Negative reinforcement occurred in my life when I was little, I tore up the sandbox my dad made me because I wanted to see how strong I was. He took away my ability to watch Spy Kids for a week.
9.) This influences what I already thought about behavior modification because I didn’t know so much went into punishment.
10.) I think a lot of water. I probably drink around 6-8 24 ounce water bottles a day.
11.) Reinforcement, punishment, intrinsic, extrinsic, behavior, frequency

1. What I found interesting in this section was the different types of reinforcements there are. The fact that it is still being referenced in the book and we are still learning about it, and shows how important it is in behavior modification. Also its making it way easier to understand this really complex concept. Also it did touch on some other components of reinforcers.

2. I found least interesting was also the fact that most of the information is repeated over again, that is good in most ways but when its every week reading about almost the same thing is kind of annoying and repetitive. With the fact that the info is being brought up again and more stuff is added to it, it kind of gets confusing with all the different concepts and components not talked about all at the same time.

3. This section relates to what we have already talked about reinforcement, we pretty much end up talking about reinforcement every class but that's cause it is part of all the sections to some or another. I did learn more about it though and can come up with better examples.

4. Two things that relate to my life are positive and negative reinforcement. The way positive reinforcements relates to my life is my coaches uses positive reinforcements to show when I did a good job and am doing a good job in a drill or actual practice. One way negative reinforcement relates to my life is my parents used this when I was younger when I was doing something and they didn't want me to do those things again.

5. What I found interesting in this section was the different ways punishment effected the punisher, positively or negatively. I found it interesting because it gave more knowledge on f you should use this technique on someone when you want them to change their behavior, and what response you should expect from them.

6. What I found least interesting was the fact that the paragraphs about negative and positive punishment were hard to understand. I had to reread that section like 3 times to understand what it was trying to say. I feel like punishment is just negative in general.

7. From conversation in class we have talked about punishment and how it isn't the best technique to use when trying to get someone to change their behavior. Even though it was explained more in this section I feel like I knew punishment wasn't the best thing to use.

8. One thing that relates to my life from this section in the term immediacy of punishment. I use to get punished a day later when I was younger because my parents weren't home a lot. so when I did get punished i didn't remember what I did wrong so In order for a person to know for sure what hey did wrong punish them immediately. Another thing that relates to my life from this section is negative punishment. negative punishment was like the main technique my parents used on me when i was younger, it made me more angry towards them then me wanting to change my behavior.

9. I didn't know anything about behavior modification before I started this class, and how I could change peoples behavior without negatively influencing them or me. I learning and absorbing so much in just the first few weeks.

10.I think I drink 3 32oz gaterorade bottles of water everyday. I fill them up a couple time a day,

terms: renforcement, negative punishment, positive punishment, immedicacy.

Section 2.2
1) I found reading about the different reinforcers the most interesting because it was cool to see how things that have not been conditioned on top of things that have been conditioned play such a big role in our lives. They can be things that are really personal to your life (That only you, or your family members have been conditioned to respond to.), or they can be things that everyone has been conditioned to respond to.
2) The parts I found the least interesting were the parts regarding positive reinforcement, and negative reinforcement in the beginning of the reading. These parts were less interesting to me because I feel like I have read a lot about it recently, so it was rather redundant. For that reason it was less interesting to read than the new information/information I haven’t learned about in a couple years.
3) Some of the things in this section were an overview of things we had already learned; such as, positive reinforcement, and negative reinforcement. We have also talked about target behaviors, and how we can reinforce them. We got to expand our learning on these topics in this section by reading about primary reinforcers, secondary reinforcers, and generalized reinforcers. Also, instead of just focusing on operant conditioning this section went over classical conditioning. Classical conditioning is related to what I learned a lot about in intro to psych, and I learned about Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs in that class.
4) It is easy to relate almost all of this information to my life because these things are occurring all around us every day. Two of the things that can relate to my life though are positive reinforcement, and negative reinforcement. Growing up my parents used positive, and negative reinforcement on me. One way they used positive reinforcement was at the end of a trimester they would give me $20 for every A that I got. One way they used negative reinforcement was when they would also sit me down on Mondays to go over my grades, but when I showed that I was doing well in school they stopped having Monday meetings.
Section 2.3
5) I had never given much thought to the problems that can arise from using punishment to modify behavior. I always thought of it as just another good technique, but it can be easy to cross the line using punishment – making it unethical. (High controversy over the water boarding technique.) Punishing is typically an aversive situation for the person implanting the punishment, and receiving the punishment. The fact that punishment has to be given consistently for it to be effective made this part of the reading interesting for me because I can’t imagine having to do something as terrible as water boarding to people as part of my job.
6) The part I found the least interesting was the section discussing positive punishment vs. negative punishment because I had already done research on it for one of my blog posts. It wasn’t any new information to me, so it was less interesting than ready the rest of this section.
7)This section could be related a lot to one of the topical blogs I did for this class. In that blog post I discussed the differences between positive punishment, negative punishment, and examples of each of them.
8) Positive punishment, and negative punishment are two things that can be related to my life. One example of positive punishment is that whenever one of my friends steals a piece of my food I will wipe something on their arm. For example, if he takes one of my tortilla chips (undesirable behavior) I take a chip with guacamole on it, and wipe it on his arm (consequence- introducing an aversive). An example of negative punishment is when I was in high school and would get bad grades (undesirable behavior) my parent would take my phone away until my grades were back up (consequence – removing something pleasing).
9) This reading has definitely influenced my thoughts. Before I didn’t have a huge preference for reinforcement vs punishment in modifying behavior, but now I am all for using reinforcement/only using punishment if deemed necessary. I didn’t really realize how unethical and aversive using punishment can be until reading this.
10) I know that I definitely do not drink as much water as I should be on a day to day basis. I am kind of a water snob because we have softened water at my house at home, so I think the water here is absolutely disgusting. When I am at school I am probably drinking a maximum of four glasses a day on average.
Terms: positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, reinforce, target behaviors, primary reinforcer, secondary reinforcer, generalized reinforcer, operant conditioning, classical conditioning, punishment, behavior, reinforcement

1) What did you find interesting in the section? Why?
- A topic that I found to be most interesting was the topic on classical conditioning. This is because learning about how certain stimulus can elicit behaviors. The example with the dog and the drool used in the book did a good job of describing this topic and making it interesting as well. This topic also interested me because it was a topic that was briefly discussed in a previous class but it want really explained well.

2) What did you find least interesting? Why?
- A topic that I found to be less interesting is the topic of positive and negative reinforcement. Although this topic I think is very important I think it is a topic that has already been stressed throughout the earlier readings. I have also had knowledge of this topic from other classes so that doesn’t help the topic either.

3) How does the section relate to what you already knew/learned previously?
- This topic relates to what I have already known because classical conditioning and positive/ negative are topics that were briefly discussed in previous classes. Also the topic of reinforcement because it further expands on the topic of reinforcement that we have read about in previous sections.

4) Based on what you read from this section, what are two things that relate to your life? How so?
- From this section the topic of classical conditioning, this relates to my life because I have dogs at home and every time my parents come home my dogs know that they will get fed soon so they get excited, like the bell does in the reading. Positive reinforcement is also used in our everyday lives because we us/ accept positive reinforcement to increase our behaviors.

5). 1) What did you find interesting in the section? Why?
- I thought that the topic of abruptness of punishment was interesting because it expanded on the topic that I hadn’t given much thought in the past. That being that the punishment has to fit the situation and act in a way to diminish the behavior.

6) What did you find least interesting? Why?
-the only thing that I didn’t find that interesting about this reading was that it was all on the subject of punishment. However I thought that the different subtopics
were interesting so as a whole I found everything to be interesting.

7. 7) How does the section relate to what you already knew/learned previously?
- previously we discussed the topic of punishment and how it can be used to diminish a behavior. It then further expanded upon this topic by describing things such as immediacy, abruptness, and frequency.

8) Based on what you read from this section, what are two things that relate to your life?
-How so? Like I said before this topic relates into my dog by my dogs. In order to train dogs you have to punish them for emitting certain behaviors. To do this you need to take into account the timing in which punish a bad behavior. The consistency of when you punish them is also very important.

9) How has reading these sections influenced what you originally thought about behavior modification? How so?
- after reading these sections my understanding of behavior modification has been influenced by the topics of punishment and classical conditioning. This reading make me understand that the topic is much deeper and the material that surrounds the topic is much more in depth than I originally thought it was.

10) I think I drink about 10 glasses of water a day.

11) terms: classical conditioning, punishment, emit, elicit, negative reinforcement, positive reinforcement, behaviors, diminish, consistency

1) What did you find interesting in the section? Why?

Maslow's hierarchy of needs. It is a very interesting take on how humans satisfy their needs and develop as people, I also think that it is very logical and makes a large amount of sense.

2) What did you find least interesting? Why?

Pavlov and the dogs. As a senior psych student I have read about this so many times I want to pull my eyes out whenever I read it again.

3) How does the section relate to what you already knew/learned previously?

As mentioned I am very familiar with Pavlov by now. Intrinsic vs extrinsic values was very important part of my organizational management class. Reinforcement is also building off some previously covered material.

4) Based on what you read from this section, what are two things that relate to your life? How so?

Understanding intrinsic vs extrinsic values is very important in business, especially in negotiations.

Positive and negative reinforcement was both used by my parents in childrearing.
After reading the second section, please respond to the following questions.

5) What did you find interesting in the section? Why?

The condition for punishment to work. Having to be abrupt enough, intense enough, immediate enough, and frequent enough in the right combination

6) What did you find least interesting? Why?

I wouldn’t necessarily say it was not interesting but positive and negative reinforcement has been talked about in class before so my interest level was lower when reading it.

7) How does the section relate to what you already knew/learned previously?

My psych history class talked extensively on Skinner's theories on reinforcement and punishment

Positive and negative punishment was talked about in my intro class

Ethical issues of punishment was also discussed in my intro class

8) Based on what you read from this section, what are two things that relate to your life? How so?

I have seen examples of extreme negative reinforcement on the news, especially in other cultures and I am often very frustrated by it.

Negative punishment was used a lot on my in childhood.

9) How has reading these sections influenced what you originally thought about behavior modification? How so?

From an earlier reading I was very interesting in skinner saying that reinforcement is only needed and punishment is not but after reading the punishment section I do think that punishment can be useful and not necessarily bad by nature. I am a person who does not like being the “bad guy” but this reading made me think that it might be necessary and I will have to think about it more.

10) BOP: Now that you have been thinking about behavior
modification for the past couple of weeks, we will start a mini behavioral observation project. We are going to start recording how many glasses of water we drink each day. You can just write these down on a piece of paper each day (starting today) and we will use your findings next week in one of these assignments. How much water to you think you drink each day?

about 3 glasses

11) Once you are done with your post make list of the terms and terminology you used in your post and put them at the bottom of your post.

positive and negative reinforcement, intrinsic, extrinsic, hierarchy of needs, pavlov, conditioned and unconditioned stimuli, extreme negetive reinforcement, positive and negative reinforcement, BF skinner

1) I liked how the reinforcers were broken down into primary, secondary, and generalized. I have talked a little bit about conditioning but I had never heard them broken down into these terms.

2) There wasn’t really anything in this chapter that I found least interesting. There was some repetition but the repetition was necessary to further explain the topics that followed.

3) This section relates because in previous readings we had already talked about reinforcement. Plus, reinforcement is one of those things that are taught to you in almost every Psychology course.

4) One of the things that relates to my life is that I have managed to elicit a conditioned response from my cat. He has learned that his treats, which are kept in a glass jar, make a certain noise. Now, when he is being stubborn and refuses to come out from under the couch, all I have to do is shake the jar and he comes running. The other thing that relates to my life is negative reinforcement. In my apartment, we take away chores for stuff like cooking dinner. If I cook dinner that night, then I do not have to do the dishes.

5) I liked that even though the section was talking about punishment (again) it was much more in depth. I knew that punishment was not an effective way to modify behavior, but this helped explain why. I also liked the cultural differences in punishment.

6) I found most of the material very interesting. The difference between positive and negative punishment was a little confusing until I went over it a couple times, I guess you could say that I was not interested in that.

7) This section relates to previous sections that we have already gone over in class. We have talked about punishment already, just not in as much depth.

8) One thing that relates to my life, once again using an example from my cat, is that when he is punished, he will go into hiding and we cannot get him out, even with that shaking of the treats jar. Then I feel bad for punishing him, and he obviously feels bad for being punished. It just isn’t a good situation. Another way that this relates is that I want to work with criminals for a living. That means that my life will be spent around punishment. Criminals are never reinforced; they get dealt punishment, and we wonder why offenders, when released, tend to emit the same behavior that got them in trouble with the law the first time.

9) I guess that with every section, I learn so much more about behavior modification. A lot of this information is new to me, and I find it very interesting.

10) Only like two to three classes a day. I am really bad about remembering to drink water. I just don’t feel thirsty very often.

Terms: behavior, reinforcement, punishment, elicit, conditioned response, reinforced, reinforcers (primary, secondary, generalized)

1) What did you find interesting in the section? Why?
I found this section interesting because there was a lot of new information. I thought that the conditioned and unconditioned stimulus was interesting I have previously learned about this from other psychology courses that I have taken but it still confuses me when I am reintroduced to it because there are so many different components to it. Maslow’s hierarchy of needs is especially interesting because it helped explain the primary and secondary reinforcers. It helped me understand that primary reinforcers are what a species needs to survive; water, air, food, sex, etc. Secondary reinforcers are a stimulus or situation that needs to be paired with a reinforcing stimulus. I thought it was interesting that context matters as well when we are explaining primary, secondary, and generalized reinforcers like the example of money in a different country, I have never learned about the context of these situations that would make a difference.

2) What did you find least interesting? Why?
The thing that I found least interesting in this section was that there was a lot of material presented. There was so much material on different subjects presented that I would get a little confused when reading each section. It would have probably helped if there was a little less in the section or that it could have been split into two different sections and focused more specifically on each individual section. I would have also appreciated a little more depth on conditioned and unconditioned stimulus.

3) How does the section relate to what you already knew/learned previously?
I mentioned in the first part of this post that I have already learned a little bit about unconditioned and conditioned stimulus in introduction to psychology. I took intro to psychology at DMACC my freshman year of college and my professor taught us in a really interesting way about unconditioned and conditioned stimulus. We were discussing Pavlov and about how the dogs with salivate when they heard the bell. My teacher gave us all a cup of lemonade powder (like the kind that you mix with water) and every time she yelled Pavlov we would have to stick our finger in the lemonade and put it in our mouths. After a good amount of time doing this she no longer asked us to stick our fingers in the lemonade and would just yell Pavlov and we would be conditioned that our mouths would start to salivate from the sour lemonade! It was actually a really fun way to learn about this topic.

4) Based on what you read from this section, what are two things that relate to your life? How so?
Two things that I can relate to my life from this section would be the generalized reinforcer of money and how context matters. I have traveled a lot to different countries and always seem to be confused with the money situation. When I read this I immediately thought about being in a grocery store in Cancun, Mexico trying to buy groceries. I wanted to primary reinforcer of food but I could not obtain it with money I had because I needed pesos, regardless I got ripped off because I gave her my American money and did not get the change I was supposed to. Another way I can relate this to my life is when I get positive reinforcement from my credit card, every time I emit the behavior of getting gas they give me money back and it builds up!

5) What did you find interesting in the section? Why?
I thought that the section mentioned extreme negative reinforcement was interesting because I have never thought of those specific issues in the context of behavior modification. I thought it was interesting that punishment can also change desirable behaviors even though someone is trying to change an aversive behavior like the example of yelling at an employee who was reading a book on the job and got yelled at so they may decrease the likelihood that they will read in general.
6) What did you find least interesting? Why?
I did not find anything particularly uninteresting because we usually talk about how we should use reinforcement instead of punishment I thought this was really interesting because we were able to learn why punishment is needed in certain situations (cops/crazy children) and why punishment is not good in certain situations.
7) How does the section relate to what you already knew/learned previously?
This section related to what I already knew from the previous sections briefly discussing the topic of punishment. I also knew that B.F. Skinner preferred using reinforcement rather than punishment but I did not know he wrote a book about it. I did not know about disrupting an operant behavior than flat out punishing someone and I think that was an interesting way to change behavior.
8) Based on what you read from this section, what are two things that relate to your life? How so?
Two things that I can relate to my life in this section is the fact of immediacy of punishment. I hate confrontation with other people and lately I have been having problems with one of my friends. I know that waiting to punish the unwanted behaviors is not going to be effective and that I need to take care of the situation as it happens instead of waiting to get the energy to punish the behaviors later. The second thing that I can relate to my life is when the section discussed the cultural differences I even thought about how different parents punish their children, my parents for example were never big on punishment and rarely was grounded if at all. My best friend however in their household she was grounded about every weekend for doing something she was not supposed to and yes this was obviously when we were children to teenagers but regardless I felt like even though she was punished she would continually emit the same aversive behaviors and I would not.
9) How has reading these sections influenced what you originally thought about behavior modification? How so?
These sections have helped my understanding of behavioral modification tremendously, I feel like I am learning a lot more stuff then previously because most of section 1 was review that I had already touched on in other courses. I liked that reinforcement and punishment were in two different sections so that we could see all of the different aspects that went with each.
10) How much water to you think you drink each day?
I think that I probably drink around 3-4 16oz glasses of water a day because I carry around a water bottle all day and I run 6 miles every day so I usually need the hydration.
11) Conditioned and unconditioned stimulus, Maslow's hierarchy of needs, primary reinforcers, secondary reinforcers, generalized reinforcer, context, Pavlov, emit, extreme negative reinforcement, aversive, punishment, immediacy of punishment, disrupting an operant behavior than, B.F. Skinner

1) What did you find interesting in the section? Why?
I found the idea of intrinsic and extrinsic value interesting. This is interesting to me because the value of a reinforcer can vary based on the environment or situation it is used in. I thought it was interesting with money that its intrinsic value can vary based on where you are. One dollar in America will not necessarily get you the same amount of reinforcer in a different country.

2) What did you find least interesting? Why?
The least interesting is the review at the beginning of the chapter. It’s necessary but still monotonous to keep going over the same concepts but that is how we build a strong foundation to add more complex ideas on.

3) How does the section relate to what you already knew/learned previously?
Note: This can be from previous chapters or from other classes, etc.
I had previous knowledge of Pavlov’s dog experiment just because of its popularity and how dispersed its ideas are. This also ties back to all the previous chapters in which we covered reinforcement and added more concepts to it.

4) Based on what you read from this section, what are two things that relate to your life? How so?
One thing that related to real life is conditioned response. My aunts dog who I help take care of is trained to ring a bell to go outside for relief and she has been trained that if she poops she will get a treat. The thing is that she knows the location of the treats and will now wait there till she gets one so the treats have been moved to decrease this behavior. The second this is the generalized value of money. Money is an inescapable part of our society and is a large part as to why we do anything. Going to work to get money. Going to school to get a better paying job.

After reading the second section, please respond to the following questions.

5) What did you find interesting in the section? Why?
I found the idea of cultural differenced in punishment interesting. This is interesting because It has never really occurred to me that punishments elsewhere could be completely different from what happens here in America.

6) What did you find least interesting? Why?
The least interesting thing was first two sections recapping positive and negative punishment. This was review material that was previously known but necessary to be on the same page moving forward.

7) How does the section relate to what you already knew/learned previously?
Note: This can be from previous chapters or from other classes, etc.
I had already learned how punishment is used only as a last resort when reinforcement is ineffective or too slow. This was from a previous chapter covering the ideas of Skinner.

8) Based on what you read from this section, what are two things that relate to your life? How so?
Positive punishment is something that was used often as a child to punish behavior that was unwanted. My mother would take away the TV or my ability to go and see friends as punishment for bad grades or misbehaving in school. The second thing that relates to life is the idea of disruption of opreant behavior. Know that I know what the concept is I can see how it was used often by teachers or my mother to get something to stop without causing a scene.

9) How has reading these sections influenced what you originally thought about behavior modification? How so?
These sections have changed my outlook on how effective punishment truly is and how reinforcement is probably the best course to take if it is an option in behavior modification.
10) BOP: Now that you have been thinking about behavior modification for the past couple of weeks, we will start a mini behavioral observation project. We are going to start recording how many glasses of water we drink each day. You can just write these down on a piece of paper each day (starting today) and we will use your findings next week in one of these assignments. How much water to you think you drink each day?
I drink approximately ¾ of a gallon or about 10-12 glasses a day.

11) Once you are done with your post make list of the terms and terminology you used in your post and put them at the bottom of your post.
Terms/ behavior, reinforcer, gerneralized value, extrinsic, intrinsic, conditioned response, punishment, punisher, modification, environment, operant behavior, positive.

1) What did you find interesting in the section? Why?
I found the differences between primary, secondary, and general reinforcers the most interesting to me in this section because they were somewhat new to me. I had heard of primary and secondary and had a general sense what they were, but it was still a good review. Primary reinforcers our basically our biological needs that we have, while secondary reinforcers are conditioned reinforcers that need to be associated with primary reinforces to have meaning. The new term here for me was generalized reinforcers. These refer to reinforcers that are used to get other reinforces like money. I thought that these would have been secondary reinforces before I read this section, but it’s nice to see that there is a category specifically devoted to things like money and debit cards that help us actually get other reinforces
2) What did you find least interesting? Why?
I think the part that I found least interesting was the positive and negative reinforcement overview. This was simply because we have already read so much about reinforcement and I feel like this has been covered enough, but it never hurts to have a generalized summary of what they are simply for review.
3) How does the section relate to what you already knew/learned previously? 
Note: This can be from previous chapters or from other classes, etc.
This chapter related to stuff that we have already talked about in this class and in other class. We have already talked about reinforcement, operant conditioning, and classical conditioning in this class, and basically every psychology course that I have taken. However, it was very nice to have the difference between primary, secondary, and generalized reinforcers represented within the chapter.
4) Based on what you read from this section, what are two things that relate to your life? How so?
I think the two items that relate to me most from this section are the concepts of context, and intrinsic verse extrinsic value. Context is always important in psychology and within my own life. Context is kind of like the antecedent in ABC’s. It sets the stage for which stimuli are reinforcing and when. Obviously, intrinsic verse extrinsic value is important in my own life because some things are important to me, and not important to others, and sometimes things are unimportant to me, but important to others. It’s good to know the difference between these and to know that just because I value something intrinsically doesn’t mean others value that same thing.
After reading the second section, please respond to the following questions.
5) What did you find interesting in the section? Why?
I think the most interesting subject in this chapter was disrupting the operant behavior. This is an ideal way to disrupt behaviors without using punishment, because as we see, punishment isn’t always very effective and has to be done in a very specific way. I think that whenever possible, disrupting the operant behavior is used. This is used all the time in class, students will be talking to each other or sleeping and the teacher calls on them to answer a question. They often don’t know the question and then start paying attention because their sleeping or talking behavior was disrupted.
6) What did you find least interesting? Why?
The concept that I don’t know if I found the least interesting, but surely disagreed with the most, was Skinner’s idea of a society without punishment. I don’t believe this would be possible because I believe that while reinforcement should be used instead of punishment when possible, sometimes it is impossible to do this and punishment must be used.
7) How does the section relate to what you already knew/learned previously? 
Note: This can be from previous chapters or from other classes, etc.
The concepts of positive and negative punishment were mostly review to me from earlier in this class and also other psychology classes. The other concept that relates to earlier information is manipulation and how it isn’t necessarily a bad thing. However, the other information in this chapter was all relatively new information to me.
8) Based on what you read from this section, what are two things that relate to your life? How so?
Two things that relate to my own life are punishment and how it has to be used in certain circumstances and disrupting the operant behavior. I think that punishment should be used when I speed, I believe that getting a ticket for speeding should decrease the near future chances of me speed. However, I think that reinforcement also needs to be used when you have a good driving record by taking your rates down, therefore reinforcing safe driving behavior. Disrupting the operant behavior is important because it’s the best alternative to punishment and should be used when possible.
9) How has reading these sections influenced what you originally thought about behavior modification? How so?
Reading this section has expanded the knowledge that I had in behavior modification. Some items such as classical conditioning and operant conditioning were review, but it was really interesting to learn more about how punishment should be used and exactly how to use punishment and when. The items that I liked learning the most were probably using disrupting operant behaviors instead of punishment when possible and the differences between primary, secondary, and generalized reinforcers.
10) BOP: Now that you have been thinking about behavior modification for the past couple of weeks, we will start a mini behavioral observation project. We are going to start recording how many glasses of water we drink each day. You can just write these down on a piece of paper each day (starting today) and we will use your findings next week in one of these assignments. How much water to you think you drink each day?
Probably around 32oz.
11) Once you are done with your post make list of the terms and terminology you used in your post and put them at the bottom of your post.
Punishment, reinforcement, abc’s, operant behavior, Skinner, stimulus, intrinsic value, extrinsic value, primary reinforcers, secondary reinforcers, generalized reinforcers

2.1
1) What did you find interesting in the section? Why?
I really liked the section that discussed classical conditioning. I have always really enjoyed the study that Ivan Pavlov did with classically conditioning the dogs. I enjoy studies like this when some kind of animal is used just because I find it so interesting that we can condition dogs or rats with something with as little as a bell. I also liked the generalized reinforcer. I found it interesting to think that money is considered a secondary generalized reinforcer, yet it is actually better than other reinforcers.

2) What did you find least interesting? Why?
There is nothing that I would consider uninteresting. I actually really liked this section. Much of what was discussed in this section can easily be related back to life events making it much easier to absorb and understand.

3) How does the section relate to what you already knew/learned previously? 
Note: This can be from previous chapters or from other classes, etc.
Much of this section relates to previous chapters we have discussed. We resumed talking about target behaviors, as well as positive and negative reinforcements. We also read about Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, which is something that we haven’t talked about this class but we have talked about in other previous psychology classes.

4) Based on what you read from this section, what are two things that relate to your life? How so?
A lot of this section can relate back to life. Positive reinforcement can be related back to my elementary and middle school years when if my brother and I did something particularly well, we would get to pick out of a box of a few toys that my mom had previously bought. Target behaviors can be related to life as well, there are many behaviors I have done throughout my life that my mom as targeted to try to get me to stop doing.

2.2
5) What did you find interesting in the section? Why?
One thing I really liked about this section is that so many things can be easily related back to just about anyone’s life. The idea of negative and positive punishment is something that really interests me. I also found cultural differences in punishment to be extremely interesting; it is something that I had not previously thought about. This section also made me think about what a society without punishment would be like.

6) What did you find least interesting? Why?
There was nothing that I found un interesting in this chapter. This was actually one of my favorite chapters we have talked about it.

7) How does the section relate to what you already knew/learned previously? 
Note: This can be from previous chapters or from other classes, etc.
In this section we talked about a lot about positive punishment, something that we previously discussed in many other sections of this class, as well as in other psychology classes.

8) Based on what you read from this section, what are two things that relate to your life? How so?
Positive punishment can be related back to anyones life. An example of it in my life is getting pulled over and getting a speeding ticket, something that has unfortunately happened to me multiple times. Another thing that can be related back to my life is negative punishment. After getting three speeding tickets, I actually got my license taken away for three months.

9) How has reading these sections influenced what you originally thought about behavior modification? How so?
These sections have reminded me just how many different components behavior modification have to them which is somewhat surprising to me. I figured behavior modification had a few key components but I’ve started to realize that there is much more to it.

10) BOP: Now that you have been thinking about behavior modification for the past couple of weeks, we will start a mini behavioral observation project. We are going to start recording how many glasses of water we drink each day. You can just write these down on a piece of paper each day (starting today) and we will use your findings next week in one of these assignments. How much water to you think you drink each day?
I try to drink as much water as possible per day. On average I would say that I drink about five to six water bottles full, per day.

Terms used: reinforce, negative reinforcement, positive reinforcement, target behaviors, classical conditioning, generalized reinforcer, secondary generalized reinforcer, positive punishment, behavior modification

What did you find interesting in this section?
I found it really interesting the fact of secondary reinforcers. Those are pretty much conditioned stimuli that you learned over a long period of time. I wouldn't have even thought any of the things I have learned were secondary reinforcers to other parts of my life.
What did you find least interesting?
I really hate learning about Classical Conditional. It is so commonly learned over the period of time that I feel like I am being told the same thing and over and researching the exact same thing that Pavlov already discovered.
What can you connect to you previously learned?
Again, I have learned about Ivan Pavlov about a hundred times. But I can also connect the natural reinforcing to my every day life because in intro to psychology we used to have to right down all natural reinforcements in my every day life.
What two things can you connect to your every day life?
I can connect reinforcement to training my dog right now. I give him treats every time he learns a new trick or goes potty outside.
I can connect also connect the intrinsic and extrinsic to my life but I think that connects to everyone's life. Everyone has values on certain things and everyone places values on everyone else's things too.
What did you find interesting?
I found the definition of the abruption of punishment was very interesting. There are many types of punishment but it is very true and very well said that you need to make the punishment aversive enough to make sure the behavior is actually stopped.
What did you find least interesting?
I just found it least interesting because it seemed just like the previous chapter with reinforcement.
What
What does this connect to what you previously learned?
Punishment we learned on day one. I have also repeatedly learned about punishment in Intro to Psychology. Punishment is the easier one of the two and the one I understood the best
What are two things that you can connect to your life?
Well I know someone very close to me that is a drug addict and punishment is used often with substance abuse. I am very interested in being a substance abuse therapist and I feel like I will have to use punishment and reinforcement a lot if I pursue this career.
How has these sections influenced you?
It has given me more definitions on reinforcement and punishment that I feel like I can use in my every day life.
I am really excited about this mini behavior project because I really do need to drink more water! When I am thinking about it I force myself to drink like 3-4 glasses a day but if I am not thinking about it I'll probably drink like 1-2!
Terms: reinforcement, punishment, classical conditioning, primary reinforcement, secondary reinforcement.

1) I really liked the breakdown of the experiments done by Pavlov to begin with, but what was really helpful was when new terms were introduced, like “unconditioned stimulus”, “unconditioned response”, “primary reinforcers” and “secondary reinforcers”, examples were used from the experiments to help better my understanding. I also found the section tying Maslow’s hierarchy of needs and primary reinforcers to be interesting because basic needs aren’t always seen as reinforcement.
2) Everything was really interesting to me, but if anything had to be less interesting I would have to say the review of the positive and negative reinforcement because I feel like its been in every section we have covered so far. I do believe it is important to review though because not everyone is as understanding.
3) I know a lot about Pavlov already from my Psych of Personality class last year, except I never thought I could use it in behavior modifying. The section on Intrinsic vs. Extrinsic Value is a valuable lesson because someones behavior isn’t going to change if they don’t feel that the reward/reinforcement is enough. If a person prefers something with more intrinsic value (like someone baking them a cake) but they receive something with more extrinsic value (an expensive but uninteresting book) as their reinforcement, they may not feel like it was much of a reward.
4) The section on secondary reinforcers plays in my life more than I realized. For example, when I hear the door unlocking at home, I feel an automatic response of excitement because my roommate is home and we always have a good time hanging out together. Another part of this section I could relate to my life is the idea of intrinsic value. I normally prefer when I am rewarded with something that I place the value on. For example, many people see pizza parties as a reward (at work or school) yet I dislike pizza. Yet if I was to be given something else, like a grilled cheese party, I would be much happier.
5) I found the section on Immediancy of Punishment really interesting because I know a lot of times that kids will get in trouble and the parents will just say like, “wait til we get home, you’re sitting in time out!” yet the kids still get to do whatever they’re doing until then and I also feel that once they do get home, they forget about it. I actually really liked everything in this section. The extreme negative reinforcement and the differences between types of punishment was also important and interesting as well.
6) Again, I don’t think that anything in this section was boring or uninteresting but the review of punishment I feel we have been over. Except this time it was more specific in giving examples of the difference between positive and negative punishment and I think it could be hard for some to wrap their heads around the differences.
7) I knew a lot about negative punishment beforehand though I may not have exactly knew that is what it was called. I feel that in most cases when people get in trouble, something is always taken away. Drunk drivers lose their license, kids lose their toys, dogs lose their out-of-kennel time…etc.
8) The intensity of punishment relates to the part of my life when I babysit. I have found that sometimes putting a child in the corner for 5 minutes when they break toys is not enough of a punishment, yet locking them in their room for 2 days straight would be way too intense…leading to jail time even. The frequency is also important in the same aspect of my life. If I am watching a child that drops the F bomb, but only gets punished 33% of the time they say it, it’s likely they won’t care to change their behavior. If they’re punished every time, they will be more likely to cut it out.
9) Reading these sections have reinforced my idea of behavior modification. I always figured the most important parts in changing someones behavior is providing them with reinforcement and punishment. Though there are many aspects to them I didn’t consider exactly before.
10) The amount of water I drink fluctuates so much per day. I have realized that when I go out to eat, I drink way more water. At a restaurant where someone is serving me I drink probably 3 cups per sitting. When I am home I don’t really drink full cups. I think it’ll range from 2-6 cups per day. I would hope to average that out to at least 4 cups a day at least.

TERMS: “unconditioned stimulus”, “unconditioned response”, “primary reinforcers” and “secondary reinforcers”, Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, punishment, intensity, intrinsic value, extrinsic value

AAW
Please read sections 2.2 (Reinforcement) and 2.3 (Punishment)
After reading the first section 2.2, please respond to the following questions.
1) What did you find interesting in the section? Why?
The most interesting area that I liked in this chapter was Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs. I have already written a paper on the topic, but I truly like the area and find it very interesting. I understand the needs and can see how people can go through those stages and build to achieve self-actualization, but I have noticed that sometimes those stages do not always work perfectly. I like thought the basis behind the stages because those things in life are very important to any person and find myself noticing when I follow the steps in my life that it makes things easier. I might not always move up but I have easier than I had before.
2) What did you find least interesting? Why?
As always in these chapters I find that redundancy seems to be the least interesting part about readying these chapters. However, pointed out at the beginning of this chapter they mention the redundancy and how to learn something and to truly get it stuck in someone’s head is to review and review something until it is truly understood. I just wish there was a better way of doing it then re-reading the same material or material I know over and over again.
3) How does the section relate to what you already knew/learned previously?
Note: This can be from previous chapters or from other classes, etc.
This chapter actually had more things than other chapters that I knew about. The explanation of reinforcement along with the positive and negative reinforcement. I have known that since my Introduction of Psychology class in high school and in college. However, the chapters do add words such as target behavior, aversive, and etc. that I did not know prior to this class. Ivan Pavlov is a psychologist that I have heard in other classes but never went into too depth on. This chapter goes into more detail then was described by other classes. I also know about Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs and actually wrote a paper on it in my personality class and my developmental class.
4) Based on what you read from this section, what are two things that relate to your life? How so?
The verbal praising that is mentioned n positive reinforcement is something that I think is over used. Especially for teachers and coaches. I know when I would coach swimming or even when I teach private swim lessons I would say nice job or keep it. Giving them positive reinforcement which I noticed compared to the kids that I did not give positive feedback or none at all would not enjoy swimming as much. The second thing that I can relate to my life is the Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs especially the stage o belongingness and love needs. I am finally finding friends that are supportive of me and the same back. Along with having a supportive partner that loves and cares for me.
After reading the second section 2.3, please respond to the following questions.
5) What did you find interesting in the section? Why?
The most interesting area was the intensity of punishment. The interesting part was when they talk about the reasons of why cops have guns, tasers, sprays and clubs. They are wanting to be able to get the person with the negative behavior to stop so they are not harming others. I never thought truly about the reason of why cops have those things. I always thought that it was just for self-defense but now can see why they have it for a second reason. Also, with knowing that just handcuffing a person could not stop the behavior makes me concerned that such drastic measure have to be made to get just a behavior under control. It is a very scary thing. It is amazing what behavior can do to an individual and how drastic things have to get sometimes to get someone to change the behavior.
6) What did you find least interesting? Why?
The thing that I found least interesting was the repetition of some areas of punishment that I have been engrained into my head since I have started taking psychology classes.
7) How does the section relate to what you already knew/learned previously?
Note: This can be from previous chapters or from other classes, etc.
This section relates to many things that I have learned in other classes about punishment. However, as other chapters have proved there are many things that I do not know because they go more into depth. The most related area was the area of cultural differences in punishment. It makes sense to know that other areas view punishment in many ways just as religion, politics, and society as a whole.
8) Based on what you read from this section, what are two things that relate to your life? How so?
The immediacy of punishment I have related to my life when I would teach swim lessons. I would notice that if a child was not punished for doing something wrong right away that they would not take me seriously. If I could catch the negative behavior and punish the individual right away the behavior never continued again. Another that relates to my life when I was little was the frequency of punishment area. When I was younger I might have been punished once or twice for doing something, but my parents never kept up with punishing me for the things I did and of course I would continue to do it because I knew I would not be punished. It is weird to think that even when I was little I understood behavior modification without even truly knowing it.
9) How has reading these sections influenced what you originally thought about behavior modification? How so?
These sections have changed my thought of what behavior modification was because I never realized the difficulties of getting a behavior to be controlled or even changed. Also, the idea that even a child can understand behavior modification. Might not necessarily know how to change ones behavior, but can know what to do to get what they want through behavior.
10) BOP: Now that you have been thinking about behavior modification for the past couple of weeks, we will start a mini behavioral observation project. We are going to start recording how many glasses of water we drink each day. You can just write these down on a piece of paper each day (starting today) and we will use your findings next week in one of these assignments. How much water to you think you drink each day?
I usually do not drink water out of a glass but out of my water bottle. I think that I will drink around 3-4 water bottles a day. However, this can be very challenging because I know I do not always fully finish my water bottle before I refill it again.
11) Once you are done with your post make list of the terms and terminology you used in your post and put them at the bottom of your post.
Terms: punishment, reinforcement, aversive, Maslow, Pavlov, Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs, verbal praising,

Please read sections 2.2 (Reinforcement) and 2.3 (Punishment)
After reading the first section 2.2, please respond to the following questions.
1) What did you find interesting in the section? Why?
The most interesting area that I liked in this chapter was Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs. I have already written a paper on the topic, but I truly like the area and find it very interesting. I understand the needs and can see how people can go through those stages and build to achieve self-actualization, but I have noticed that sometimes those stages do not always work perfectly. I like thought the basis behind the stages because those things in life are very important to any person and find myself noticing when I follow the steps in my life that it makes things easier. I might not always move up but I have easier than I had before.
2) What did you find least interesting? Why?
As always in these chapters I find that redundancy seems to be the least interesting part about readying these chapters. However, pointed out at the beginning of this chapter they mention the redundancy and how to learn something and to truly get it stuck in someone’s head is to review and review something until it is truly understood. I just wish there was a better way of doing it then re-reading the same material or material I know over and over again. I want to learn more than re reading the same things over and over again.
3) How does the section relate to what you already knew/learned previously?
Note: This can be from previous chapters or from other classes, etc.
This chapter actually had more things than other chapters that I knew about. The explanation of reinforcement along with the positive and negative reinforcement. I have known that since my Introduction of Psychology class in high school and in college. However, the chapters do add words such as target behavior, aversive, and etc. that I did not know prior to this class. Ivan Pavlov is a psychologist that I have heard in other classes but never went into too depth on. This chapter goes into more detail then was described by other classes. I also know about Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs and actually wrote a paper on it in my personality class and my developmental class.
4) Based on what you read from this section, what are two things that relate to your life? How so?
The verbal praising that is mentioned n positive reinforcement is something that I think is over used. Especially for teachers and coaches. I know when I would coach swimming or even when I teach private swim lessons I would say nice job or keep it. Giving them positive reinforcement which I noticed compared to the kids that I did not give positive feedback or none at all would not enjoy swimming as much. The second thing that I can relate to my life is the Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs especially the stage o belongingness and love needs. I am finally finding friends that are supportive of me and the same back. Along with having a supportive partner that loves and cares for me.
After reading the second section 2.3, please respond to the following questions.
5) What did you find interesting in the section? Why?
The most interesting area was the intensity of punishment. The interesting part was when they talk about the reasons of why cops have guns, tasers, sprays and clubs. They are wanting to be able to get the person with the negative behavior to stop so they are not harming others. I never thought truly about the reason of why cops have those things. I always thought that it was just for self-defense but now can see why they have it for a second reason. Also, with knowing that just handcuffing a person could not stop the behavior makes me concerned that such drastic measure have to be made to get just a behavior under control. It is a very scary thing. It is amazing what behavior can do to an individual and how drastic things have to get sometimes to get someone to change the behavior.
6) What did you find least interesting? Why?
The thing that I found least interesting was the repetition of some areas of punishment that I have been engrained into my head since I have started taking psychology classes. I know much about punishment from our society and other psychology classes. There are areas of punishment that I might not know, but the legist of it is the same.
7) How does the section relate to what you already knew/learned previously?
Note: This can be from previous chapters or from other classes, etc.
This section relates to many things that I have learned in other classes about punishment. However, as other chapters have proved there are many things that I do not know because they go more into depth. The most related area was the area of cultural differences in punishment. I have seen and learned in my life the way that cultures look at things differently. From religion to punishment. The Chinese are strick with their children where as in the US we are more leant. It makes sense to know that other areas view punishment in many ways just as religion, politics, and society as a whole.
8) Based on what you read from this section, what are two things that relate to your life? How so?
The immediacy of punishment I have related to my life when I would teach swim lessons. I would notice that if a child was not punished for doing something wrong right away that they would not take me seriously. If I could catch the negative behavior and punish the individual right away the behavior never continued again. Another that relates to my life when I was little was the frequency of punishment area. When I was younger I might have been punished once or twice for doing something, but my parents never kept up with punishing me for the things I did and of course I would continue to do it because I knew I would not be punished. It is weird to think that even when I was little I understood behavior modification without even truly knowing it.
9) How has reading these sections influenced what you originally thought about behavior modification? How so?
These sections have changed my thought of what behavior modification was because I never realized the difficulties of getting a behavior to be controlled or even changed. Also, the idea that even a child can understand behavior modification. Might not necessarily know how to change ones behavior, but can know what to do to get what they want through behavior. Behavioral and punishment are universal but are also understood relatively by all ages of people.
10) BOP: Now that you have been thinking about behavior modification for the past couple of weeks, we will start a mini behavioral observation project. We are going to start recording how many glasses of water we drink each day. You can just write these down on a piece of paper each day (starting today) and we will use your findings next week in one of these assignments. How much water to you think you drink each day?
I usually do not drink water out of a glass but out of my water bottle. I think that I will drink around 3-4 water bottles a day. However, this can be very challenging because I know I do not always fully finish my water bottle before I refill it again.
11) Once you are done with your post make list of the terms and terminology you used in your post and put them at the bottom of your post.
Terms: punishment, reinforcement, aversive, Maslow, Pavlov, Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs, verbal praising,

After reading the first section, please respond to the following questions.
1) What did you find interesting in the section? Why?
After reading this section I was amazed when I thought about all the things in the world around us that reinforce some people and not others. It completely depends on the intrinsic and extrinsic values that we place on things.
2) What did you find least interesting? Why?
The least interesting part to me was reading about unconditioned stimulus/response and conditioned stimulus/response because I felt like these were self-explanatory enough.
3) How does the section relate to what you already knew/learned previously?
Note: This can be from previous chapters or from other classes, etc.
This whole section was a review for me based on my previous courses and what we have discussed so far this year.
4) Based on what you read from this section, what are two things that relate to your life? How so?
The two things that relate to my life from this chapter both have to do with my dog. He has a shock collar and that is what we used to train him. Negative reinforcement was used with him because if he left his yard he would be shocked until he returned, this lead to him not leaving his yard anymore. He developed the conditioned response of hearing the words “pup chow” which meant he was getting food, sometimes you would barely get the phrase out and he would be running to his food bowl.
5) What did you find interesting in the section? Why?
It was interesting to me to think and realize all of the different types of punishment in the world around us. Especially when we look at what the U.S thinks is okay versus other countries.
6) What did you find least interesting? Why?
Reading the definitions of positive and negative punishment were the least interesting part to me only because I already knew these terms.
7) How does the section relate to what you already knew/learned previously?
Note: This can be from previous chapters or from other classes, etc.
This section just added on to the terms I knew and gave me a better understanding of what we have learned so far because it reviewed some aspects and also gave new examples which was helpful.
8) Based on what you read from this section, what are two things that relate to your life? How so?
9) How has reading these sections influenced what you originally thought about behavior modification? How so?
Negative punishment relates to me because at the daycare I work at if a kid is being mean to another they are told to go sit on the wall for a set amount of time. Also positive punishment relates to working at a daycare as well because raising your voice at some kids is very aversive to them and will scare them, hopefully enough to stop a behavior from occurring again
10) BOP: I think that I drink about 6 glasses of water a day
11) Terms: reinforce, intrinsic, extrinsic, unconditioned stimulus, unconditioned response, conditioned stimulus, conditioned response, negative reinforcement, conditioned response, positive punishment, negative punishment

1.) In the first section, I found the study of Pavlov’s dogs most interesting. This is not a new concept to me, but reading about the unconditioned stimulus/responses and conditioned stimulus/ responses was new and interested me because they were easy to learn.
2.) My least interesting point has stayed the same and will probably stay the same throughout the semester. I enjoy learning the content, but the amount of new words and terms and the wordage used to describe them is hard to follow and I find myself losing interest fast. Because of this, I tend to read out loud causing my boyfriend to look at me funny and turn up his football game.
3.) This section covers operant conditioning and classical conditioning, then breaks it down by showing the difference between positive and negative reinforcement. Reinforcement has been learned in previous sections and vastly expounded on in this section.
4.) Positive and negative reinforcement directly relates to my life. I often find myself praising my family, coworkers, and friends for things that are done within the certain target behaviors. I also find myself being negatively reinforced by my credit card when they increase the limit of my card, or when my daughter stops pouting when I give her a piece of candy.
5.) The most interesting thing that I read in the second section was that many students would be appalled by the idea of behavior modification, as though it would be manipulation. This is true to some point, and when used inappropriately, it can be hurtful and harmful. This struck a chord with me because earlier this week I was told by and older man that I was stupid for studying psychology because he believed everyone was a creature of God and had free will of man. I just politely told him that I do not dispute God, but the free will of man is an obvious hoax. Everybody id capable of making their own choices, but with all cultures, people are guided certain ways. No one is truly free in their will and individualized in their choices. This section just reminded me of that.
6.) Least interesting . . . the wordage of the section. This section was different. Most have key words and terms that makes it harder to read, but this flowed well and was easy to keep track of as it explained effective ways to use punishment.
7.) It brings punishment back into the mix. Like with reinforcement, punishment has both a positive and a negative. The positive is the introduction of an aversive consequence, while the negative is the deduction of a pleasant consequence or stimulus.
8.) The use of positive and negative punishment hold true in my life. Having a four year old is time consuming and full of phrase such as, “no,” Please pick up” and “if I have to tell you one more time you get no candy!” I use these tricks daily, and what’s even more is that I follow through on my punishments.
9.) Originally, this was a topic that I had broad views and doubts on. Now, I am hopefully and shocked that I have learned so much that actually helps to modify the behaviors of others. My parents have already remarked at a difference in behavior in my daughter, and most of this is due to some of the things I have picked up in this class.
10.) In total I have drank 2 glasses of water today
11.) I used the terms punishment, reinforcement, positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, positive punishment, negative punishment, target behaviors, stimulus.

1.) I found it interesting to learn about conditioned vs. unconditioned stimuli. We learn or change our behavior with a conditioned stimuli using a primary and secondary reinforcer, not an unconditioned stimuli. I found learning the difference between the two different types helped me understand more about the section.

2.) There is nothing that I would consider uninteresting. I actually really liked this section. Much of what was discussed in this section can easily be related in back to life events making it much easier to absorb and understand.

3.) This section relates to what I have already learned about reinforcement. I’ve already known about the difference between positive and negative reinforcement from previous classes, but this chapter just went more in depth and I learned more than I knew before.

4.) Understanding intrinsic vs extrinsic values is very important in business, especially in negotiations.
Positive and negative reinforcement were both used by my parents during my growing up.

5.) In this section, I found it interesting learning about the effects of punishment and how it can be negative to people. I’ve always heard that reinforcement is better for learning than punishment and now I understand more, since the chapter talked about it’s effectiveness, how it is abrupt, intense, and immediate. It just made me think about times where I have either been on the receiving or giving side of punishment.

6.) I wouldn’t necessarily say it was not interesting, but positive and negative reinforcement has been talked about several times in class, so my interest level was lower.

7.) In this section we talked about a lot about positive punishment, something that we previously discussed in many other sections of this class, as well as in other psychology classes.

8.) Two things that relate to my own life are punishment and how it has to be used in certain circumstances and disrupting the operant behavior. I think that punishment should be used when I speed. I believe that getting a ticket for speeding should decrease the near future chances of me speed. However, I think that reinforcement also needs to be used when you have a good driving record by taking your rates down, therefore reinforcing safe driving behavior. Disrupting the operant behavior is important because it’s the best alternative to punishment and should be used when possible.

9.) These sections have reminded me just how many different components behavior modification have to them, which is somewhat surprising to me. I figured behavior modification had a few key components but I’ve started to realize that there is much more to it.

10.) I try to drink as much water as possible per day. On average I would say that I drink about seven to eight water bottles full, per day.

11.) conditioned stimuli, unconditioned stimuli, reinforcer, positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, intrinsic values, extrinsic values, punishment, operant behavior,

1) (Interesting) What I found most interesting was how classical conditioning was discovered. (Why?) Because it involved a natural response that created a conditioned response.
2) (Least interesting) generalized reinforcers (Why?) It seems like the least important topic.
3) (Relation to Knowledge) from previous psychology/sociology classes we learn how experiments show that people will let their conditioned response take over. I.E Getting on an elevator with people who are facing the opposite direction, you face that same direction because you are conditioned to do the same as other people around you. Another examp0le comes from my sports psychology class that tells us how verbal praise or affirmations can bring out a desirable stimulus.
4) (Relation to Life) in practice I often find my coach using both negative and positive reinforcement dependent on the athlete. First, my coach used negative reinforcement by continuing to tell an athlete a performance cue and when the athlete performed cue correctly he stopped the annoying cue command. Second when my coach saw a behavior that he enjoyed seeing he would clap and say ‘keep that up and you’ll be at nationals this year!’
5) (Interesting) Extreme Negative reinforcement (Why?) It involves terrorist and even some controversial arguments.
6) (Least Interesting) What I found least interesting was BF Skinner’s a society without punishment (Why?) It’s just not what I believe in
7) I learned in connection with these chapters came from my sports psychology when we discuss punishment and how it affects the confidence levels of athletes and we learn here how punishment can result in Sadist views just how athletes may view it. In another connection we see that through positive and negative punishment results of athletes addition or removal of an adverse stimulus can increase competitive drive while some athletes will result in the loss of competitive drive.
8) (Relation to Life) the first relation to life is doing the dishes. There was a section in the reading that discusses playground equipment and how altering the antecedent would affect the behavior more efficiently than punishment would. As dishes would pile up I would notice everyone in the house would be willing to add to the piled up dishes but when there were no dishes in the sink most of the time my roommates would do the dishes right away. The second relation is my coach giving me the punishment of disapproval that gave me motivation to correctly do a behavior.
9) When I first initially thought of behavior modification for some reason I did not think of torture as a form of behavior modification. I expanded my knowledge
10) BOP: 1 ½ gallons of water
Terminology: Desirable stimulus, Negative reinforcement, Positive reinforcement, Extreme negative reinforcement, aversive, negative punishment, positive punishment, adverse.

1) 1)What I though was the most interesting in section 2.2 was about positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement. In the text it said Positive reinforcement wat trying to increase the amount of times a behavior to happen. The main focus of PR would be that it is introducing a desirable stimulus. For Negative reinforcement they are still trying to increase the amount of times a behavior is to happen, but instead it is taking away an aversive stimulus.
2) 2)The least interesting thing I learned about in this section would be about primary and secondary reinforces. I thought these were the least interesting because I really liked the other stuff we learned about more than this. The primary is usually called that unconditioned reinforcer. Most of these are biologically relevant. The secondary reinforers is usually called the conditioned reinforcer.

3) 3)This section related to what I have already know from other classes. In my intro to psychology class we learned about Maslow’s hierarchy of needs. This is a triangle of the steps of needs. Each step/ section, starting from the bottom, has to be completed before going on to the next one. The steps of needs in order from bottom to top is physiological, safety, love and belonging, esteem, aesthetic and cognitive, and last which you can’t go any farther would be self-actualization.
4) 4)The two things that I can relate to my life intrinsic and extrinsic. I say this because you realize how in life there are many intrinsic and extrinsic things that you need to decide what is the best for you to believe is right. Intrinsic is what one person or your own belief of value on something. Extrinsic would be what others believe the value of something is.
5) 5)One of the most interesting thing I found in this section would be how they talked about positive punishment and negative punishment. Basically positive punishment is when you are adding something that is an aversive stimulus. Punishment is still about making a behavior happen less often though. So on the other hand of punishment is the negative punishment which is when you take away something that is a desirable stimulus.
6) 6) The least interesting thing that read about in this section was about extreme negative reinforcement. I didn’t think this was interesting because I really don’t like reading about this kind of stuff. It’s sad to think that our country didn’t call water boarding as torture, because to me it defiantly is. It’s tough to think about this kind of stuff.
7) 7) Somethings that I learned before this section that was also in this section would be the effectiveness of punishment. I have learn in many of my other classes as a psychology major that most people think punishment is not as efficient as reinforcement. Punishment only displaces the behavior instead of getting rid of it. So that means a kid could decide to do that bad behavior a week later because he has only displaced it.
8) 8)Two things from this section that I can use in my life would be about cultural differences in punishment and disrupting the operant behavior. I can use the cultural difference to realize how bad other counties can be with torture, which they may take as not being torturous at all. For disrupting of the operant behavior I can us later on my children when I get rid of some unwanted behaviors. I feel like I will use this techniques on my children as much as I can.
9) 9) this reading assignment has changed the way I have thought about this class behavior modification from how there are many ways to get a behavior to either happen more often or less often, but the thing is, not all ways last a long time, like punishment does make that behavior change but not for very long.
10) 10)Terms: positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, aversive, stimulus, primary reinforces, secondary reinforces, Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, positive punishment, negative punishment

Section 2.2

1)I liked the whole section. It is nice to have sections in which the addition of information is not that big and that it helps you stay in touch with old terms. I found this whole section really helpful in terms of keep reminding the types of reinforcement because I tend to forget about the negative reinforcement after a while.

2)I think that even though there were not too many new things so everything was pretty much review, sometimes is good to slow down a little bit in terms of learning new things and look back to all the old terms so we do not forget about them during the process of learning.

3)We already have covered reinforcement and its types in past chapters so overall I felt really familiar with the section and most of the terms used in it.

4)There are two things that relate to my life: positive and negative reinforcement. After working this summer at a summer camp with kids I learned that it is most effective to use reinforcement than punishment with people in order to get pleasurable responses. In the case of punishment, living in an apartment with three more people sometimes can be hard and we tend to use punishment instead of reinforcement in order to get the chores done.

Section 2.3

5)I like the whole section. I find really interesting the whole punishment topic and the types of them. I found the section a nice refresh since punishment was one of the very first topics covered in class.

6)Overall, the section was a refresh which is nice to have once in a while so I liked it all.

7)Like in the case of the section before punishment was also a topic already covered in past chapters so most of the content of the section was already familiar.

8)From this section, the two things that relate to my life are positive and negative punishment. Positive punishment is part of our daily basis and we live surrounded by it like it or not. Any action that implies the apparition of a stimulus to decrease a behavior is positive punishment such as when getting a ticket because of breaking the rules. Negative punishment is also part of our daily basis even though it is not use that often. It implies the removal of a stimulus to decrease a behavior. When we do something wrong that implies the restriction of something.

9)This time these sections have not changed my perception of behavior modification because I already knew them and even though the first time I saw them they kind of change my perception, this time it remained the same.

10)BOP: I drink about 7 to 8 glasses of water per day.

11)Terms and terminology used: positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, positive punishment, negative punishment, behavior modification, stimulus, punishment, reinforcement.

Section 2.2
After reading the first section, please respond to the following questions.
1) What did you find interesting in the section? Why?
This section peaked my interest because it focused on positive and negative reinforcement in ways that I could relate to topics that interest/pertain to me personally. As always we had a nice refresher regarding positive and negative reinforcement but the areas that interested me the most was conditioned and unconditioned stimuli. Ivan Pavlov’s accidental findings pertaining to unconditioned and conditioned stimulus regarding the drool caused by bells and meat smells interests me because not only does it show how easily animals can be trained to react to different stimuli but so can adults. Skipping ahead in the section, the topic of secondary reinforcers was intriguing because it talked about how conditioned reinforcers can be used to ignite specific responses in pets. The example of the clickers being used to act as secondary reinforcers reminded me of the scene from Jurassic World where the trainer used his clicker to control the raptors and their reward, or positive reinforcement for good behavior was the food. That example from the reading tied into what I witnessed in the movie. It made me smile to think that even movies consider the use of behavioral strategies when manipulating behavior. This thought led me to question just how much do movies use psychology to affect the viewer?

2) What did you find least interesting? Why?
Honestly, this section was very interesting and I don’t really have any negative comments about it.

3) How does the section relate to what you already knew/learned previously?
Note: This can be from previous chapters or from other classes, etc.
I remember learning about Ivan Pavlov in my intro to psychology class freshman year as well as studying his work in some of my behavior classes required for my education degree. This reading was a nice refresher of the subject and I was reminded about how much I enjoyed studying his work. Also, the brief portion regarding Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs brought back memories of a project I did for my Dynamics of Human Development class my sophomore year. I enjoyed studying this particular topic in my class and it was interesting to see how education fit into the hierarchy of needs depending upon culture and social context.

4) Based on what you read from this section, what are two things that relate to your life? How so?
As I discussed earlier, an area of the reading that interested me greatly was the paragraph pertaining to the secondary reinforcer. This idea that animals can be conditioned to have certain responses to conditioned reinforcers, such as food. Applying that concept to my own life, the article talked about ways to “call” cats when it is feeding time using the sound of the can opener. Well, at home I live on an acreage and we have barn cats that like to roam and hunt. When it is time for breakfast or dinner I will call out in a higher pitched tone “Here kitty, kitty, kitty, kitty, kitty” several times until I can see all of my cats running for the barn. My parents joke that we have several cats but they all respond to the name “kitty”. Mom and dad weren’t far off in that assumption, but the cats are responding to the call (secondary reinforcer) because it means that they are going to receive a salient reinforcer, i.e. food! I firmly believe that if the call was not associated with such a strong reward as food, then the cats would not respond as effectively.
Another way this section applies to my life is that my sister is trying to teach her youngest child to use the bathroom. It is quite a challenge as he is a little boy, but she is trying to reward his behavior with stickers in order to achieve the desired behavior. Unfortunately the side effect is that when the boy gets a sticker at daycare, he accidentally wets his pull up because he is associated a sticker with the need to go to the bathroom.

Section 2.3
After reading the second section, please respond to the following questions.

5) What did you find interesting in the section? Why?
What interested me was the varying degrees of negative reinforcement that were described in the article. The discussion regarding extreme negative reinforcement when dealing with the issue of water boarding was an epiphany for me because I hadn’t associated before the idea of waterboarding as being a form of behavior modification instead of merely a form of interrogation. This highlighted the fact that interrogation is indeed behavior modification because you (the interrogator) are trying to change the person’s behavior by getting them to reveal the desired information (target behavior) through the use of aversive stimulus (in this case the water).

6) What did you find least interesting? Why?
The fact that the whole section discussed punishment, because I personally do not enjoy discussing this topic. I have to say that I am like B.F. Skinner in the regard that if I can avoid using punishment at all costs, then I will. The statement “punishment often elicits unwanted negative emotion towards the person administering the punishment” rings true for me and I feel that we can all relate to this statement. We all have been punished for something in our lives and what did we really learn from the experience? Depending upon the severity of the punishment, we could have been scarred emotionally and harbor deep resentment for the punisher.

7) How does the section relate to what you already knew/learned previously?
Note: This can be from previous chapters or from other classes, etc.
In previous sections we have discussed punishment, and I have covered the topic of punishment in other classes. As part of our society I feel that we all are acutely aware of what punishment is and how it affects the individual. After reading this section however, it was interesting for me to see the different severity levels of punishment there was as well as the different ways other cultures view punishment.

8) Based on what you read from this section, what are two things that relate to your life? How so?
Well, we all have been punished in our lives and I feel we all can relate to that. In the opening paragraph, the situation described with the burrito reminds me of a current situation in my life. My friend Owen swears rather profusely and Sarah is very uncomfortable by his swearing. She has tried verbally to remind him of how she disapproves of his swearing and has had no success. So, she has switched to a different method. Every time oven swears (undesirable behavior) Sarah punches Owen in the arm and yells LANGUAGE (consequence- introducing an aversive). This has shown to decrease the frequency and severity in which Owen swears.
Then the scenario of the way in which certain punishment not only decreases the frequency of undesirable behavior as well as decreasing the frequency of other behaviors can be applied to a situation in my childhood. My 5th grade math teacher felt that I was not paying attention in her class by resting my head in my hand when I was in her class. My eyes were not covered, and I was following along with what she was saying, but I was not “paying attention” and “distracting her” by doing so. As my punishment for my “rude” behavior I was forced to stand for the entire duration of class. From that day forward I never rested my head in my hand but I also didn’t pay attention in her class because I felt unjustly punished.

9) How has reading these sections influenced what you originally thought about behavior modification? How so?
These sections have provided me with more background information pertaining to punishment and reinforcement. I have been given numerous everyday examples and two working definitions that I can use in my everyday life as well as in my future classrooms.

10) BOP: Now that you have been thinking about behavior modification for the past couple of weeks, we will start a mini behavioral observation project. We are going to start recording how many glasses of water we drink each day. You can just write these down on a piece of paper each day (starting today) and we will use your findings next week in one of these assignments. How much water do you think you drink each day?
About 24-48 ounces per day. I actually started recording my water intake a few weeks ago as part of a study for one of my friends. She teaches a health and wellness class and she needed a few people to be her guinea pigs.

11) Once you are done with your post make list of the terms and terminology you used in your post and put them at the bottom of your post.
Reinforcement, Punishment, Negative Reinforcement, Positive Reinforcement, Consequence, Target Behavior, Stimulus, Secondary Reinforcer, Conditioned and Unconditioned Stimuli, Ivan Pavlov, Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs, B.F. Skinner

1) What did you find interesting in the section? Why?
I found the concepts of secondary reinforcers and generalized reinforcers interesting, because I have heard of reinforcers but do not recall learning the difference between primary, secondary and generalized reinforcers. I found it interesting that secondary reinforcers can have such a large impact in animal training. I also was intrigued by the use money as generalized reinforcers.

2) What did you find least interesting? Why?
I did not find the section on intrinsic versus extrinsic value interesting. I have heard these terms quite a bit in my other courses. I understand that repetitive material will help me retain concepts, but once I have learned the material it can become boring after a while.

3) How does the section relate to what you already knew/learned previously?
Note: This can be from previous chapters or from other classes, etc.
I learned about Pavlov and his dogs in other classes I have been in and I have read about reinforcement in almost every section of the textbook. I have a fairly good idea of what operant conditioning involves and how it is different from classical conditioning.

4) Based on what you read from this section, what are two things that relate to your life? How so?
At the beginning of this section, verbal praise is mentioned as a positive reinforcer. I work for EPI—which is essentially home and community based services for individuals who struggle with a mental of physical disability—where I often use verbal praise to encourage the individuals to remember certain tasks they need to do. Another area that was mentioned was how animals are in tune with secondary reinforcement. When I open up the pantry, my dog knows that she is going to be fed. She reacts the same way each time the door is opened, with her tail wagging.

After reading the second section, please respond to the following questions.
5) What did you find interesting in the section? Why?
I found the section on ethical practices in behavior modification interesting. I feel that controlling, or manipulating, an individual’s behavior with his or her permission is fine, but using techniques against his or her will is immoral. I have never thought that any therapy, or behavior modification involving excessive aversion is ethical (only what is needed for positive punishment, as a last resort). It may work for some clients and therapists but I cannot condone that type of behavior change.

6) What did you find least interesting? Why?
I am a realist, so when I read the part about “A Society without Punishment?” I thought that it was a bit out of reach for reality. It is a nice plan to not have any form of punishment, but how in the world would you get everyone to agree with this concept? I would like to believe that society would be more inviting, but I feel that Skinner was being too optimistic about reinforcement over punishment.

7) How does the section relate to what you already knew/learned previously?
Note: This can be from previous chapters or from other classes, etc.
The “Immediacy of Punishment” section made me think of different therapeutic techniques. This part mentioned that punishment must be supplied right away and consistently. This also applies to therapeutic sessions between client and therapist. Consistency is needed for a client to trust his or her therapist and consistency is needed for behavior to be modified correctly; consistency is needed in order to observe results.

8) Based on what you read from this section, what are two things that relate to your life? How so?
My parents often sent me to my room as a form of punishment (because they removed me from the activities in the house). Regarding the “abruptness” of punishment I remember that my parents tried to remove me from situations where my sister and I would fight. They verbally told me to leave the room or I would have a toy taken away. The change in environment from the toy room to the living room was fairly effective.

9) How has reading these sections influenced what you originally thought about behavior modification? How so?
Behavior modification is a much more intricate process than I had previously thought. I know that repetition is key to remembering, but I would still prefer newer terms to be introduced more often—like with Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs and all of the types of reinforcers.


10) How much water do you think you drink each day?
5 glasses of water

Terms: Secondary Reinforcers, Generalized Reinforcers, Primary Reinforcers, Intrinsic Values, Extrinsic Values, Pavlov, Classical Conditioning, Operant Conditioning, Ethics

Section 2.2
1) What did you find interesting in the section? Why?
I found the intrinsic and extrinsic values the most interesting out of this section. I thought it was interesting because I didn't know the actual terms but could relate it to my everyday experiences. It helped me to put behavior modification into my life.

2) What did you find least interesting? Why?
I found the positive and negative reinforcement least interesting because I already knew what both of them were. Both of the terms are somewhat self explanatory.

3) How does the section relate to what you already knew/learned previously? 
Note: This can be from previous chapters or from other classes, etc.
It relates to my child development class and also the way I handle my little siblings because of the negative and positive reinforcements. I use both of these with my little siblings and also use conditioned and unconditioned stimuli.

4) Based on what you read from this section, what are two things that relate to your life? How so?
I have examples of unconditioned stimuli in my life that I encounter every day, such as smelling bacon and getting hungry. I also can relate the positive and negative stimuli to making my little siblings do what I would like them to do.

Section 2.3
5) What did you find interesting in the section? Why?
I found the effect of disrupting the operant behavior very interesting because it is a different way of approaching things, but is very effective.

6) What did you find least interesting? Why?
I found the negative punishment the least interesting because it is a very plain and common way of punishment. Negative punishment is not a new concept to me either.

7) How does the section relate to what you already knew/learned previously? 
Note: This can be from previous chapters or from other classes, etc.
I already knew what negative reinforcement because of a few of our earlier sections and also because of how child development relates to punishment because of how parents want to raise their children.

8) Based on what you read from this section, what are two things that relate to your life? How so?
I feel that the frequency of punishment relates to my how I try to handle my little brother's behaviors. He has very bad tendencies of swearing so I have to make sure that the punishment is consistent. I also think that the cultural difference in punishment relate to my life because of how children are disciplined in school here versus how they are in other countries. A lot of our punishment in school is very mild compared to others.

9) How has reading these sections influenced what you originally thought about behavior modification? How so?
I used to think that behavior modification was more so as a simple way to make children behave in a way that is wanted. But now, I have begun to realize that behavior modification, especially punishment techniques, are very dark and sometimes almost inhumane in a way. But usually they are needed.

10) BOP: I'd guess about three glasses each day.

11) intrinsic, extrinsic, reinforcement, unconditioned and conditioned stimuli, operant behavior, punishment

1. I found the idea of generalized reinforcers rather interesting. I think its interesting that we can have something that reinforces a broad spectrum of our needs, from basic primal ones, to the more complicated needs. I also thought that conditioned responses in general are interesting. This is kind of the base that all behavior modification is built on, and I just think its cool that you can control the responses of animals by just pairing a stimulus with a primary reinforcer. I also found intrinsic vs. extrinsic values to be very interesting. I found this so interesting because this concept is what our entire economy is built upon, this piece of paper that is something we desire because of the extrinsic value our society has placed upon it.
2. I actually found this whole section pretty interesting, this is getting into a bit more depth, and I enjoyed that.
3. This section is expanding upon the ideas of reinforcers and stimuli. We've already looked at how stimuli relate back to antecedents, and reinforcers are consequences. And a large part of this chapter was all about how there are primary and secondary stimuli and reinforcers. I've also studied classical conditioning before, and this was a refresher on the concepts involved in Pavlov's experiments.
4. I would say that a concept that very much applies to my life is that of a general reinforcer. The idea behind general reinforcers is that they can satisfy a large number of needs. This hits close to home in an economy based on capitalism. We have money, which can be used to satisfy most if not all of our primal needs. Another concept that can be applied to my own life is that of classical conditioning. This type of conditioning is pairing a stimulus with a primary reinforcer, and that stimulus then becomes a secondary reinforcer, that will function in the place of the primary reinforcer at least for a time. This can be used in application with the training of pets, to encourage target behaviors.
5.I find Skinner and his belief in pure reinforcement to be very interesting. It once again is a concept that seems so strange to me because of the society we live in. We are pretty big fans of capital punishment of one degree or another, and I think it really rubs us the wrong way to think about people that do things we consider bad not getting into trouble for it. I feel like we partly like punishment because it shows us that we are doing the right thing by not doing the negative behaviors.
6.I didn't really find this chapter uninteresting, because even though the beginning was review, I always feel like I appreciate a refresher on positive and negative punishment, because while I do understand it, sometimes I forget the exact definition of positive and negative punishment.
7. This is a further explanation of the idea of punishment, we are already examined punishment some, but now we broke it down into positive punishment, (where you are adding an averse stimulus), and negative punishment, (where you remove an averse stimulus). We also further explored the ideas of Skinner on punishment, which we have touched upon before, but we got to explore the extent to which he believed in reinforcement over punishment.
8. The idea of disrupting behaviors you don't want instead of just punishing them seems like it could have a lot of applications in real life. If I am in a situation where perhaps someone is talking about something I don't want to talk about, I can just disrupt the behavior by perhaps changing the subject or starting some music playing. Another part that is very important to real life is the principal of immediacy necessary for proper punishment. You have to have the punishment occur as soon as the undesired behavior occurs, to ensure that you are punishing the correct behavior.
9. I would say reading these sections has furthered expanded my understanding of reinforcement and punishment. We looked at positive and negative punishers and reinforcers. It has further pushed me to be in favor or reinforcement over punishment, and while I may not be at a Skinnerean level of faith in reinforcement, I think that a society free of punishment would be a happier place than one as full of punishment as ours is. It helped me consider the times that punishment is still important, when we don't have the time to reinforce target behaviors.
10. BOP. I drink probably two to three glasses of water a day.
11.behavior, positive reinforcer/punishment, negative reinforcer/punishment, stimulus, responses, primary, secondary. Immediacy of punishment, generalized reinforcers.

1) What did you find interesting in the section? Why?
I found a good majority of this section interesting. I have always loved learning about Pavlov and his experiments with the dogs. I also really found the different types of reinforcers interesting (i.e. primary, secondary, etc.)

2) What did you find least interesting? Why?
The section I found least interesting would be Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs. This is probably the least interesting due to the fact that I have learned about Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs in almost every single Psychology class I have had. Therefore, it’s just kind of boring and redundant to me now.

3) How does the section relate to what you already knew/learned previously? 
Note: This can be from previous chapters or from other classes, etc.
I have already learned a lot about Maslow’s Hierarchy, Pavlov’s dogs, intrinsic and extrinsic stimuli, positive and negative reinforcement, etc. I have learned about Maslow and Pavlov in previous Psychology courses – several actually. Intrinsic and extrinsic stimuli also come from previous Psychology courses. Positive and Negative reinforcement predominantly come from previous chapters in this course!

4) Based on what you read from this section, what are two things that relate to your life? How so?
After reading the second section, please respond to the following questions.
Positive and Negative reinforcements affect me throughout my daily life and impact how I act or how I behave in many different situations. Extrinsic stimuli and intrinsic stimuli are how I formulate my decisions and initiate behaviors and actions. Target behaviors are also involved in my everyday life, such as taking out the trash, washing the dishes after I use them, etc. I use these also with my roommate when I feel frustrated with her lack of cleanliness.

5) What did you find interesting in the section? Why?
I found the “Ethical Issues: The ‘Dark Side’” section most interesting within this chapter. I am incredibly interested in ethics (Biomedical Ethics is a career field I am looking into, and while this isn’t exactly Biomedical, it is still an interesting ethical dilemma). I do think it is interesting do look at both sides of the matter – is it ethical to manipulate someone? Is it better to have them act in a way that you know is going to have to be changed or will negatively impact themselves or others? Or is it better to manipulate their behaviors to avoid this situation all together? Interesting questions stem from this debate.

6) What did you find least interesting? Why?
I honestly found pretty much everything in this section fairly interesting. If I had to choose a section that was the least interesting, I suppose it would be the introductory paragraphs because they are simply introducing the concepts of positive and negative punishment.

7) How does the section relate to what you already knew/learned previously? 
Note: This can be from previous chapters or from other classes, etc.
This chapter reiterates what we have already learned about punishment and then further discusses the positive and negative punishment concepts. I feel as though most of the topics within this section are familiar to me due to the previous chapters of this specific class.

8) Based on what you read from this section, what are two things that relate to your life? How so?
I think something that really applies to my life in this section is the ethical considerations when using behavior modification. We have all manipulated people in our lives, whether it was to get what we wanted, or to at least to produce a desired outcome…we have all done it. I for one, have definitely felt guilty after using this technique. I think the ethical dilemma in using manipulation to get people to behave how you want is interesting because there are obvious negatives (or seemingly negative ideas) that come about with the word manipulation. However, there could also be many positives as well. Such as, preventing unwanted circumstances by all or the majority, preventing hurt feelings by the individual completing the action, or even preventing future conflict, etc. Sometimes manipulation can be used for GOOD!
Another section that applies to my life is the concept of punishment (both positive and negative). This obviously can relate to my life in that my daily behavior is affected by what I am reinforced to do and what I am not reinforced to do. By being punished for things at times, this will affect whether I decide to act in a certain way again.

9) How has reading these sections influenced what you originally thought about behavior modification? How so?
These sections further my interest in behavior modification – especially with the ethical considerations section. I never realized that behavior modification could have such simple ethical dilemmas – which means there are several more once we get deeper into the content or specific case studies or examples. I am excited to see what other ethical considerations come about for the rest of this course.

10) BOP: Now that you have been thinking about behavior modification for the past couple of weeks, we will start a mini behavioral observation project. We are going to start recording how many glasses of water we drink each day. You can just write these down on a piece of paper each day (starting today) and we will use your findings next week in one of these assignments. How much water to you think you drink each day?
On an average day, I probably only drink about 4 glasses. Today, I drank 6, but that is because I have a cold!

11) Once you are done with your post make list of the terms and terminology you used in your post and put them at the bottom of your post.
Primary reinforcer, secondary reinforcer, Pavlov’s dogs, Maslow’s Hierarchy, intrinsic, extrinsic, positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, manipulation, ethical considerations

1) I found the section on Skinner and Pavlov interesting because they are extremely popular and influential people in the psychology field. Their work has been the basis for many other studies done throughout our field.
2) I found the section on Maslow’s hierarchy of needs to be least interesting because it did not go into very much detail. This is something that has had books written about it so I expected a little bit larger section but since I already have the basic understanding of Maslow’s concepts I did not necessarily need more information.
3) As I have already stated in previously classes I have learned about Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, and also Skinner and Pavlov. These are things you learn in introduction to psychology classes.
4) The first thing I could think of when I heard conditioned stimuli was many of my friends in college when the doorbell rings. I know I personally get excited when the doorbell rings because that normally means that there is a pizza man on the other side. The second thing that relates to my life is the portion of this section that talked about how animals are often extremely attuned to reinforcers. I relate this to my life because as a student I am not allowed much time outside but when I am it is as a reinforcer. This is also the case when I am given food.
5) I thought the portion on how B.F. Skinner thought that a world without punishment was possible was very interesting. I think this could be obtain in certain peoples’ minds but only because they are framing things in a certain way. I might view something as a punishment while my mother views it as a reinforcer. For example if my mom asks me to help her with dinner she might see if as a reinforcer for getting good grades because she is teaching me how to cook but I might view it as a punishment because she is making me do work.
6) I found the section on APA rules to be least interesting. I know there are many rules and think they should be common sense but I understand that for many people it is not considering all of the research we look at and frown upon because it is unethical.
7) The biggest relator to what I have learned is the reiteration on what positive and negative mean in the contexts of behavior modification because it is always good to have more examples to continue to explain the meaning of what we are learning.
8) The first thing that relates to my life is that I often positively punish my sisters for behaviors I want to decrease. An example might be if they eat my leftovers I might tickle them. For my sisters they do not enjoy being tickles so it would be a punishment for them. The next thing that relates to my life is the APA guidelines. Since I have done research with live human subjects I have had to go through the online training to become certified and there are a lot of rules.
9) Reading all of the sections so far in this class have helped me to understand that behavior modification is a much more complex subject than I have initial anticipated.
11) Skinner, Pavlov, Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs, conditioned stimuli, reinforcer, punishment, unethical, positive, negative, behavior modification, positively punish,

1) What did you find interesting in the section? Why?
I found the concepts of secondary reinforcers and generalized reinforcers interesting, because I have heard of reinforcers but do not recall learning the difference between primary, secondary and generalized reinforcers. I found it interesting that secondary reinforcers can have such a large impact in animal training. I also was intrigued by the use money as generalized reinforcers.

2) What did you find least interesting? Why?
I did not find the section on intrinsic versus extrinsic value interesting. I have heard these terms quite a bit in my other courses. I understand that repetitive material will help me retain concepts, but once I have learned the material it can become boring after a while.

3) How does the section relate to what you already knew/learned previously?
Note: This can be from previous chapters or from other classes, etc.
I learned about Pavlov and his dogs in other classes I have been in and I have read about reinforcement in almost every section of the textbook. I have a fairly good idea of what operant conditioning involves and how it is different from classical conditioning.

4) Based on what you read from this section, what are two things that relate to your life? How so?
At the beginning of this section, verbal praise is mentioned as a positive reinforcer. I work for EPI—which is essentially home and community based services for individuals who struggle with a mental of physical disability—where I often use verbal praise to encourage the individuals to remember certain tasks they need to do. Another area that was mentioned was how animals are in tune with secondary reinforcement. When I open up the pantry, my dog knows that she is going to be fed. She reacts the same way each time the door is opened, with her tail wagging.

After reading the second section, please respond to the following questions.
5) What did you find interesting in the section? Why?
I found the section on ethical practices in behavior modification interesting. I feel that controlling, or manipulating, an individual’s behavior with his or her permission is fine, but using techniques against his or her will is immoral. I have never thought that any therapy, or behavior modification involving excessive aversion is ethical (only what is needed for positive punishment, as a last resort). It may work for some clients and therapists but I cannot condone that type of behavior change.

6) What did you find least interesting? Why?
I am a realist, so when I read the part about “A Society without Punishment?” I thought that it was a bit out of reach for reality. It is a nice plan to not have any form of punishment, but how in the world would you get everyone to agree with this concept? I would like to believe that society would be more inviting, but I feel that Skinner was being too optimistic about reinforcement over punishment.

7) How does the section relate to what you already knew/learned previously?
Note: This can be from previous chapters or from other classes, etc.
The “Immediacy of Punishment” section made me think of different therapeutic techniques. This part mentioned that punishment must be supplied right away and consistently. This also applies to therapeutic sessions between client and therapist. Consistency is needed for a client to trust his or her therapist and consistency is needed for behavior to be modified correctly; consistency is needed in order to observe results.

8) Based on what you read from this section, what are two things that relate to your life? How so?
My parents often sent me to my room as a form of punishment (because they removed me from the activities in the house). Regarding the “abruptness” of punishment I remember that my parents tried to remove me from situations where my sister and I would fight. They verbally told me to leave the room or I would have a toy taken away. The change in environment from the toy room to the living room was fairly effective.

9) How has reading these sections influenced what you originally thought about behavior modification? How so?
Behavior modification is a much more intricate process than I had previously thought. I know that repetition is key to remembering, but I would still prefer newer terms to be introduced more often—like with Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs and all of the types of reinforcers.


10) How much water do you think you drink each day?
5 glasses of water

Terms: Secondary Reinforcers, Generalized Reinforcers, Primary Reinforcers, Intrinsic Values, Extrinsic Values, Pavlov, Classical Conditioning, Operant Conditioning, Ethics

1) What did you find interesting in the section? Why?
I found the newness of conditioned (secondary) reinforcers and also limited vs broad value that can be attached to them to be the most interesting. I had never considered that a reinforcer could be conditioned much like Pavlov’s dogs. It makes sense in the examples, but I had never considered it prior to this section. Also piggybacking on secondary reinforcers, the values associated with them is something that I had never considered again. I understand that some things wear out, like hearing a favorite song, or drinking a can of mountain dew, and those are limited in value. However I had never associated these limited values and their connections to reinforcers and potentially the improvement of potential reinforcement due to the values of the reinforcers.

2) What did you find least interesting? Why?
The least interesting to me was the section on Intrinsic and Extrinsic value. It is still interesting, new, and relevant, but of the other parts of this section it was the one that I identified with the least. It was interesting to see culture norms being expressed within the scopes of extrinsic value, but most reinforcers I would wish upon myself would follow the intrinsic nature, and what I place the value in them, instead of what others are worried about.

3) How does the section relate to what you already knew/learned previously?
Note: This can be from previous chapters or from other classes, etc.
Reinforcers were discussed in section 1.2 of the class and in the first weeks constantly being brought up during in-class discussion. Also Pavlov and his dogs is one of the most commonly cited psychological experiment discovery with the unconditioned/conditioned stimulus and unconditioned/conditioned responses. I think I have heard it in every single one of my psychology classes and it was even a talking point during my field experience.

4) Based on what you read from this section, what are two things that relate to your life? How so?
One thing that relates to me is the notion of negative reinforcement and my ideas towards changing my organizations grades contracts moving forward. I understand that what I have to do is instill our standards and values into members, and if they fall below it to this point has always been a punishment, required to do all these additional things and check-ins during a week. However, I have thought about the ways to change it to reinforce the behavior of studying with professors and tutors to allow a removal of criteria from this process. This is just something that I have been toying with.
A second thing that relates to me is positive reinforcement, especially from customers. It was one of the first examples given, however while working at a Subway, even if I didn’t show it, I appreciated the customers who thanked me, or said that the sandwich looked good or great. Also people who were polite, in my workings, generally got better service and potentially a little bonus at the end if it allowed (extra veggies for free, broken cookie halfs no charge, etc).

5) What did you find interesting in the section? Why?
I found the section on the ethics behind water boarding and this as a punishment technique instead of torture to be most interesting. I found it interesting because this type of question comes up very frequently during my philosophy classes with questions that have no right or wrong answer, but simply accepted and rejected opinions. Seeing it come up reminded me of my second half of schooling and it amused me.

6) What did you find least interesting? Why?
Least interesting to me was the idea of a society without punishment. This again reminded me of philosophy and the creation of a utopia in a mind or a perfect state or being. I don’t like using unrealistic standards as a, this is what could happen, this mainly stems from my many readings of John Stuart Mill and utilitarianism as a practice or other government structures that get corrupted by humans. I just know that this is not a practical or plausible idea, so it was not interesting to me.

7) How does the section relate to what you already knew/learned previously?
Note: This can be from previous chapters or from other classes, etc.
Again, section 1.2 was the first motion of punishment and reinforcement. Also this section had a few highly philosophical ideals subtly asked, the waterboarding question and also the non-punishment society. These both reminded me or my practices in philosophy more than anything and the workings of examining these seemingly “simple” or moral questions.

8) Based on what you read from this section, what are two things that relate to your life? How so?
One thing that relates to me is positive punishment. Going back to my position and keeping guys up to the standards of our organization, if a member who is required to turn in study hours fails to do so multiple times a punishment will generally be the course of action. They are generally given extra service hours to no credit as a punishment. Nobody wants no credited service hours, so it decreases the likelihood of them not submitting hours again.
The second thing that relates to me is negative punishment. Another example of this is when guys don’t show up for meetings. They are previously warned and given knowledge of what they can lose if they don’t show up, and these are generally social privileges. It decreases the likelihood of them missing meetings because they don’t want to lose out on the fun.

9) How has reading these sections influenced what you originally thought about behavior modification? How so?
One thing that this section has changed is that it seems a lot easier to describe punishments over reinforcements. It seems to be the “bad” outshines the “good” for lack of better terms relating to punishment and reinforcement. It is interesting, but it may have to do with the saying that one bad deed will erase the progress of one hundred good ones.

10) How much water to you think you drink each day?
I think I drink less than a glass of water a day. I either avoid drinking a beverage with my meals, or I drink light lemonade or iced tea.

11) Once you are done with your post make list of the terms and terminology you used in your post and put them at the bottom of your post.
Conditioned reinforcers, Secondary reinforcers, limited value, broad value, positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, punishment, negative punishment, positive punishment.

1) What did you find interesting in the section? Why?

What I find interesting in this Section is the secondary reinforcer. I find this interesting because I used it and didn’t even know it was a thing. I used a clicker for my dog, just like the example. I read online that it was a good training technique but I never put much more thought into it.

2) What did you find least interesting? Why?

What I found least interesting in this section is limited vs. broad value. I found it least interesting because I understand the limited part, but not so much the broad part.

3) How does the section relate to what you already knew/learned previously?

This section included a lot of what we previously learned. It takes things that we know such a positive reinforcement and goes more in depth. It also relates to what I previously knew like the dog clicker example. I knew that it was good and that it worked, but now I know why.

4) Based on what you read from this section, what are two things that relate to your life? How so?

Two things I can relate to my life are verbal praise and classical conditioning. I can relate verbal praise to my life because I think it makes me work harder, work better. When I do something good at work and no one says anything, it’s a little upsetting. But when someone notices and praises me it makes me want to keep doing good things. I can relate to classical conditioning also. My example is when I grab my purse my dog knows I’m leaving and its time for him to go into his kennel. I never meant to teach him that but he associated my purse with him having to go into his kennel.

5) What did you find interesting in the section? Why?

This whole section interested me. I am very interested in the correct way to punish. I have been married for almost a year and my husband and I are talking about having kids within the next couple years. My parents had lots of rules and my mom was big into punishment. His mom had few rules and never really punished her kids. I would like to think we both turned out okay but his siblings are always in trouble with the law and my siblings are super afraid of my parents. I think that there should be a happy middle and this section kind of helps me think about how I will punish my children in the future.

6) What did you find least interesting? Why?

There wasn’t anything in this section that I found less interesting than the rest of the section. It all interests me because I want to learn how to “correctly” punish.

7) How does the section relate to what you already knew/learned previously?

I think this section relates to everyone in the class. We all have experienced some form of punishment at some point in our lives. We learned about positive and negative punishment in the previous sections, now we are learning the correct way of punishment.

8) Based on what you read from this section, what are two things that relate to your life? How so?

I can relate to negative punishment because when I did something wrong, like go over my minutes on my cell phone, my mom would take it away. I can relate to the cultural differences too. When I was in mexico I noticed that they are a lot less strict about alcohol. Because it is a big tourist place they let things go that we here in iowa wouldn’t. Someone drunk and walking down the street that would have probably been taken to jail here was called a cab there .

9) How has reading these sections influenced what you originally thought about behavior modification? How so?

Reading these sections helped me realize that punishment isn’t always bad. I never saw a good side to it but the more I read the more I can see that it can really be helpful.

10) BOP: Now that you have been thinking about behavior modification for the past couple of weeks, we will start a mini behavioral observation project. We are going to start recording how many glasses of water we drink each day. You can just write these down on a piece of paper each day (starting today) and we will use your findings next week in one of these assignments. How much water to you think you drink each day?

I drink 4 16.9 ounces of water a day. Plus water out of a water fountain when I go to the gym and before/after class. When I work I probably double how much I drink.

11) Once you are done with your post make list of the terms and terminology you used in your post and put them at the bottom of your post.

Punishment, reinforcement, positive, negative, secondary reinforcer, limited value, broad value, classical conditioning, verbal praise,

1) I found the concept of generalized reinforcers to be an interesting part of the section. One reason for this was because I had never heard of generalized reinforcers before, so learning about them was a new experience. I also thought the examples of the secondary generalized reinforcers were helpful in understanding why money is such a powerful motivator.
2) The least interesting part of the section for me wasn’t necessarily uninteresting, just repetitive. I feel like we have covered positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement since the beginning of class. Although the text does mention that this section would be a review, since I find most topics that relate to behavior modification interesting the fact that this was a review made it just a little less so.
3) In many of my previous psychology classes we have learned about Maslow’s hierarchy of needs. Using this model from the text helped me to better understand primary reinforcers and why they are so effective for use in behavior modification.
4) Since writing my blog post for last Thursday I have been thinking more about animal behavior. Many of my friends have pets so I have been casually observing some of their behaviors and how they have been conditioned. This assignment made me think of how some of the behaviors that I previously thought were secondary reinforcers were actually primary reinforcers. Another way I can relate to this chapter is in the way I perceive my own behavior. Understanding the difference between secondary and primary reinforcers has helped me gain insight to ways that I can better motivate myself do study or be more productive.
5) I found this section to be about the most interesting yet this semester, but my favorite part was the history on B. F. Skinner near the end. Learning about his philosophy on punishment, his novels, and his activism were all fascinating and things that I previously had not heard or read about before in any of my classes.

6) Again, really the only reason I found anything in this chapter not as interesting would be because it was a review. The concepts of positive and negative punishment are some that I knew about for a while before taking the class so it was a bit less exciting than reading about how to get back at your roommates for stealing your beer.

7) Since we had talked about punishment a few times before in class I did have some background knowledge about some of the topics in this chapter. I feel like this chapter also fleshed out the reasoning behind the ‘why punish when you can reinforce?’ theme that has been present in the text and our class discussions.

8) One way that this applies to my life personally is that now I can help my parents out with dog-training strategies that don’t revolve around punishment. My old dog is very intelligent, so much so that I think he has my parents conditioned to give in to his demands. Using what I learned from the reinforcement section hopefully I can assist them in breaking this behavior pattern. Another concept I have been taught by these sections is consistency. Whether in reinforcement or punishment I feel like I have not been consistent in my attempts at behavior modification with my roommates and that is why they have failed. After learning more about reinforcement from section 2.2 I hope I can make the changes I need in order to see some different behavior.

9) These two chapters, especially the one regarding punishment, have made me see behavior modification in a new light. I came into the class thinking strictly in terms of human and animal day-to-day behavior and how we might come to better understand or influence it, but nothing really beyond that. These chapters have made me realize that behavior modification plays a huge role in our government, the justice system, and other facets of society that I had not previously considered.

10) Since I drink water continuously throughout the day, even while at work and in class, I feel like I drink a lot of water. A rough estimate for today would be around 75 oz. and I drank less today because I wasn’t at work. So on a day that I work, I would say I drink around 125 oz. of water.

11: TERMS generalized reinforcers, positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, primary inforcers, B.F. Skinner, positive punishment, negative punishment,

1) What did you find interesting in the section? Why?
The part of this section that I found the most interesting was the section about reinforcers. I really enjoyed how primary reinforcers were connected back to basic needs on Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs Pyramid. Secondary Reinforcers were things that signals that the Primary Reinforcer, for example a fire alarm signals that there is a fire in the building and you need to get to safety which is a basic need and primary reinforcer.

2) What did you find least interesting? Why?
I think the thing that I found the least interesting was positive and negative reinforcement because we have already talked a lot about it in this class, and I was already used to seeing and using the terms. I find it to be rather tedious when we continue to read the same words over and over; however, I do find it helpful because I believe it reinforces the terms in our brains.

3) How does the section relate to what you already knew/learned previously?
Note: This can be from previous chapters or from other classes, etc.
This chapter brought up Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs. This was something I talked about last semester in my Psychology of Personality class. It was really cool how I can now connect that same idea into this class as well. I think it is interesting how all of the basic needs in Maslow’s Pyramid are the primary reinforcers; it seems kind of convenient that it worked out that way.

4) Based on what you read from this section, what are two things that relate to your life? How so?
I can relate primary reinforcers in my life because I eat food every day in the dining center or go out to eat, I also love talking to people and both of those are examples of primary reinforcers. A secondary reinforcer in my life could be a clock because it signals when I leave to go somewhere.
After reading the second section, please respond to the following questions.

After reading the second section, please respond to the following questions.
5) What did you find interesting in the section? Why?
There were two things that I found interesting in this section. The first part that I found interesting was the section about ethics with punishment. I found this interesting because I'm really big into ethics in the workplace and I think it's really cool to see it being integrated into the psychology field. The second thing that I found interesting was the part that talked about punishment in other cultures. I'm really interested in how that might change development compared to someone who was raised and punished in the United States.

6) What did you find least interesting? Why?
Just like in the first section I found that going over punishment again seemed sort of repetitive. It was a nice refresher, but I didn't really find it interesting. Like I said for the first section, it really helped to go over the terms in for reinforcement purposes.

7) How does the section relate to what you already knew/learned previously?
Note: This can be from previous chapters or from other classes, etc.
I have talked about punishment in other classes; however, I've never been exposed to the ethics or different culture side of it, so I found that to be very cool.

8) Based on what you read from this section, what are two things that relate to your life? How so?
In my job as a Resident Assistant I am so used to using positive punishment towards residents. For example if they don't do some of the things that they are supposed to, they will miss out on the opportunity to participate in house events. Another way that this can be related to part of my life is that the idea that punishment upsets all parties involved. Whenever I have to document a situation, it's not just a punishment for the residents, but then I have to write an incident report, which can sometimes be a punishment.

9) How has reading these sections influenced what you originally thought about behavior modification? How so?
I believe that after reading this, I have a more in depth knowledge about reinforcement and punishment. I learned about primary and secondary reinforcers as well as ethics in punishment and how punishment varies across cultures.

10) BOP: Now that you have been thinking about behavior modification for the past couple of weeks, we will start a mini behavioral observation project. We are going to start recording how many glasses of water we drink each day. You can just write these down on a piece of paper each day (starting today) and we will use your findings next week in one of these assignments. How much water to you think you drink each day?
Today I drank zero glasses of water

11) Once you are done with your post make list of the terms and terminology you used in your post and put them at the bottom of your post.
Primary Reinforcer
Secondary Reinforcer
Positive Punishment
Negative Punishment
Positive Reinforcement
Negative Reinforcement

Section 2.2: Reinforcement
1)
I thought the difference between primary and secondary reinforcers was interesting. Because I find biology very fascinating, learning about how primary reinforcers aren't learned, such as secondary reinforcers, but are influenced by the organisms' biological factors is enthralling.
2)
Nothing in particular disinterested me at all. It was kind of "blah" reading throughout generalized reinforcers and how context is important because it is almost "simple" information in that context is obviously important and has a strong correlation with specific behaviors, reinforcements, and stimuli.
3)
In my Motivation&Emotion class, I just learned about how your body has physiological needs such as water, food, and sex. This relates to primary reinforcers in that after you drink, eat, or have sex, there is a reinforcement, such as having the feeling of satiation. Also, in a previous class I've taken, we learned about Skinner and Pavlov and their association with operant and classical conditioning, so that was a nice refresher.
4)
Being that I am going to school for clinical psychology, this section will be very relevant in my field in the future. This will help me determine a mental diagnosis for patients.

Section 2.3: Punishment
5)
I thought it was interesting how punishment has such an influence on almost everybody including families, friends, pets, strangers, and even our government and military systems. There's different types of punishment and it seems from my personal experience and what you see in our society, on the news, and in other families, there is evidence of punishment being used and on a dramatic scale. The section mentioned our "dark side" of behavior modification techniques such as it can ruin relationships between friends, family, coworkers, and how our military has used punishment very harshly as torture. So yes, this is very interesting to me, and I somewhat agree with Skinner's notion of a society without punishment. I think people can work on less punishment and use more reinforcement, but in reality the odds of this happening is slim.
6)
I didn't find anything disinteresting in this section. I was very intrigued with this section about punishment.
7)
Note: This can be from previous chapters or from other classes, etc.
Well, punishment has been touched on several times in previous sections, but not to this depth. Also, in other classes I have learned about B.F. Skinner and his thoughts on punishment and reinforcement.
8)
I feel punishment is very relatable to everyones life, not just my own because it is everywhere... Our government, our military, our schools, families, friendships, workplaces, you name it. Like I said before, it is at different degrees that punishment is used in different contexts, but it is still happening. For example, if an assignment is late and not accepted, you get a bad grade. That is punishment for your lateness.
9)
Behavior modification is very complex, but also very broad. People use it everyday without even knowing it really. They use it on their pets, children, and even themselves.

10) BOP: Now that you have been thinking about behavior modification for the past couple of weeks, we will start a mini behavioral observation project. We are going to start recording how many glasses of water we drink each day. You can just write these down on a piece of paper each day (starting today) and we will use your findings next week in one of these assignments. How much water to you think you drink each day?
I am going to record my consumption of water in bottles (about 16oz) because I drink bottled water more than any other way of consumption. I think I will drink 3 bottles a day on average.

Terms: primary reinforcer, secondary reinforcer, satiation, punishment, operant conditioning, classical conditioning, reinforcement

Section 2.2
To begin with, I thought this example under Negative Reinforcement, was interesting: “You stop blowing a high-pitched whistle after your dog begins to sit on the floor (target behavior) instead of the couch.” It helped explain the concept better. It is clear that removing an aversive stimulus can help change a behavior. Negative Reinforcement is an interesting concept in itself, in that we do not really think about it as we are doing it. For example, at the restaurant I work at, I bartend for customers as well as the other servers. If a newer server continues to be rude or look ticked while I’m busy I will choose to ignore them for a bit, or make them wait for a drink. Once they change their attitude, I will happily do my best to get them their drinks right away. It’s just neat how the server and I create a mutual understanding on server/bartending etiquette without thinking about it. Reading about Pavlov and Positive Reinforcement was the least interesting thing for me to read, just because I’ve had to learn about those topics in just about every psych class ever. I have learned about Positive and Negative Reinforcement before. Rewards and taking away an aversive stimulus as a reward can be a good alternative to punishment. Psychologists now believe that reinforcement is the best way to go, especially with children.

From experience with daycare and two little brothers growing up, I can see how this is true. Punishment does not always change behavior, especially if it is not consistent. And, even if it is consistent, it may only temporarily avert the behavior. On that note, this makes me wonder if the saying “punishment fits the crime” plays a role in this. What if the punishment is too harsh—will that deter or do nothing to change the behavior; and, if the punishment is just right for the act, on a consistent basis, will it? How can we know if we are punishing enough, too little, or too much?

Another way I can relate to this material is on the subject of intrinsic and extrinsic value. It is interesting to think about what kind of value I hold for certain rewards or items, versus what others think. For example, it is rare for my parents to send me money or help me out. Some of my friends can snap their fingers and get whatever they want from their parents. At times, I feel like they take this for granted, therefore they place a higher value on what they get, because they rely on it. For me it is rare, so I place a lower value on the importance of receiving help from my parents. However, if you look at it another way, I could be the one with a higher value for this kind of action because I am more appreciative of it. Then, my friends would place lower value on it because they don’t know what it’s like to have to work for everything you have.


Section 2.3

I think it is interesting how we call it “Positive Punishment,” when we are actually adding something negative to deter behavior. I understand that we call it that because we are adding—making it positive. But, it is kind of funny that we say it is positive when it really is not. I actually liked reading about each of these topics—there was nothing I found uninteresting in this chapter! (:

I enjoyed reading about extreme negative reinforcement. It is actually a hot debate topic during this time. Interrogation and crime are something I am interested in. I may even broaden my career as a future psychologist/psychiatrist to the criminal justice system.
With the Xbox/iTunes example, I can totally relate to positive punishment with my own little brothers. The only person I’ve ever punched or actually hurt physically is my brother—and him me. We used to really get into it when we were younger! I remember a time he was complaining about the supper my mom made, which made me angry because we were raised to appreciate it and be polite when we didn’t like what she had made. So, I told him to “shut-up.” He threw the parmesan cheese all over me, so I punched him. We were probably 8 and 10 years old. Needless to say he kept his mouth shut at dinner from then on. Positive punishment! (:
These sections really made me think about how I apply the terms below to my own life. I use negative and positive reinforcement on other people without even thinking about it. It also made me think about the differences each of us hold for value of things. Like with the example I gave, I thought about how others and I included sometimes take our situations for granted.

Terms: Negative Reinforcement, Target Behavior, Aversive Stimulus, Behavior, Punishment, Positive Reinforcement, Intrinsic Value, Extrinsic Value, Extreme Negative Punishment

BNC
Section 2.2
1) What did you find interesting in the section? Why?
I thought the generalized reinforer was interesting to read about. It grabbed my attention that money can be used to acquire other reinforcers. The book used examples such as debit cards and gift cards. I also love reading about the history about Pavlov’s study. It is always interesting to me and I seem to always learn more.

2) What did you find least interesting? Why?
I didn’t find the context section very interesting or fun to read about. I didn’t find it interesting because in every situation it’s important to know the context and what is going on in the certain situation and the surroundings.

3) How does the section relate to what you already knew/learned previously?
Note: This can be from previous chapters or from other classes, etc.
Section 2.2 starts out by saying that this chapter is review. It points out how many things are redundant because they build on itself, same goes with behavior modification. This section really digs deeper into reinforcement as a whole before moving on to new material to come.

4) Based on what you read from this section, what are two things that relate to your life? How so?
Positive reinforcement relates to my life in many ways but here are a couple examples. I nanny for a family and am starting to become more aware of their behaviors and how to respond effectively to them. I ask them to finish their food or clean up their mess and then we play or watch their favorite movie. I also work at a restaurant and receive higher tips when I meet the customers’ expectations. This is another example of positive reinforcement in my everyday life.

After reading section 2.3, please respond to the following questions.
5) What did you find interesting in the section? Why?
The extreme negative reinforce is what grabbed my attention while reading section 2.3. I thought it was interesting because it talked about how it can be a form of torture and it used the example of water boarding. I enjoyed reading about this with the United States government and they used it with interrogating enemies to get information out of.

6) What did you find least interesting? Why?
I did not find the beginning of this section interesting with the terms and definition of positive and negative punishment. I also seemed to find the information about B.F. Skinner towards the end of the chapter to sort of drag. I didn’t find this as interesting because it talked about his view of punishment.

7) How does the section relate to what you already knew/learned previously?
Note: This can be from previous chapters or from other classes, etc.
This section also has a lot of review with the more in depth discussion on punishment as a whole. This relates back to the overview in previous sections and touches on topics in past courses as well.

8) Based on what you read from this section, what are two things that relate to your life? How so?
I think that punishment in today’s world needs to be more abrupt, appropriate intensity, immediate and consistent like the book talked about. I feel as though the world lacks this and isn’t firm with punishment. Another way section 2.3 relates to my life would be just all the different examples of positive and negative punishment. When my parents would catch me doing something I wasn’t doing than I would decrease that behavior more due to their consequences.

9) How has reading these sections influenced what you originally thought about behavior modification? How so?
Because these chapters were mainly review they didn’t cause me to view behavior modification any different. Other than when it discussed how reinforcement can change a person’s behavior. I don’t know, but reading this statement really hit me in how true it is.

10) Once you are done with your post make list of the terms and terminology you used in your post and put them at the bottom of your post.
Reinforcement, generalized reinforcer, extreme negative reinforce, punishment, B.F. Skinner, Pavlov

AAW
Reading Activity Week 5
Please go to the following blog page:
http://www.psychologicalscience.com/bmod/abcs.html
Please read sections 2.2 (Reinforcement) and 2.3 (Punishment)
After reading the first section 2.2, please respond to the following questions.
1) What did you find interesting in the section? Why?
The most interesting area that I liked in this chapter was Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs. I have already written a paper on the topic, but I truly like the area and find it very interesting. I understand the needs and can see how people can go through those stages and build to achieve self-actualization, but I have noticed that sometimes those stages do not always work perfectly. I like thought the basis behind the stages because those things in life are very important to any person and find myself noticing when I follow the steps in my life that it makes things easier. I might not always move up but I have easier than I had before.
2) What did you find least interesting? Why?
As always in these chapters I find that redundancy seems to be the least interesting part about readying these chapters. However, pointed out at the beginning of this chapter they mention the redundancy and how to learn something and to truly get it stuck in someone’s head is to review and review something until it is truly understood. I just wish there was a better way of doing it then re-reading the same material or material I know over and over again. I want to learn more than re reading the same things over and over again.
3) How does the section relate to what you already knew/learned previously?
Note: This can be from previous chapters or from other classes, etc.
This chapter actually had more things than other chapters that I knew about. The explanation of reinforcement along with the positive and negative reinforcement. I have known that since my Introduction of Psychology class in high school and in college. However, the chapters do add words such as target behavior, aversive, and etc. that I did not know prior to this class. Ivan Pavlov is a psychologist that I have heard in other classes but never went into too depth on. This chapter goes into more detail then was described by other classes. I also know about Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs and actually wrote a paper on it in my personality class and my developmental class.
4) Based on what you read from this section, what are two things that relate to your life? How so?
The verbal praising that is mentioned n positive reinforcement is something that I think is over used. Especially for teachers and coaches. I know when I would coach swimming or even when I teach private swim lessons I would say nice job or keep it. Giving them positive reinforcement which I noticed compared to the kids that I did not give positive feedback or none at all would not enjoy swimming as much. The second thing that I can relate to my life is the Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs especially the stage o belongingness and love needs. I am finally finding friends that are supportive of me and the same back. Along with having a supportive partner that loves and cares for me.
After reading the second section 2.3, please respond to the following questions.
5) What did you find interesting in the section? Why?
The most interesting area was the intensity of punishment. The interesting part was when they talk about the reasons of why cops have guns, tasers, sprays and clubs. They are wanting to be able to get the person with the negative behavior to stop so they are not harming others. I never thought truly about the reason of why cops have those things. I always thought that it was just for self-defense but now can see why they have it for a second reason. Also, with knowing that just handcuffing a person could not stop the behavior makes me concerned that such drastic measure have to be made to get just a behavior under control. It is a very scary thing. It is amazing what behavior can do to an individual and how drastic things have to get sometimes to get someone to change the behavior.
6) What did you find least interesting? Why?
The thing that I found least interesting was the repetition of some areas of punishment that I have been engrained into my head since I have started taking psychology classes. I know much about punishment from our society and other psychology classes. There are areas of punishment that I might not know, but the legist of it is the same.
7) How does the section relate to what you already knew/learned previously?
Note: This can be from previous chapters or from other classes, etc.
This section relates to many things that I have learned in other classes about punishment. However, as other chapters have proved there are many things that I do not know because they go more into depth. The most related area was the area of cultural differences in punishment. I have seen and learned in my life the way that cultures look at things differently. From religion to punishment. The Chinese are strick with their children where as in the US we are more leant. It makes sense to know that other areas view punishment in many ways just as religion, politics, and society as a whole.
8) Based on what you read from this section, what are two things that relate to your life? How so?
The immediacy of punishment I have related to my life when I would teach swim lessons. I would notice that if a child was not punished for doing something wrong right away that they would not take me seriously. If I could catch the negative behavior and punish the individual right away the behavior never continued again. Another that relates to my life when I was little was the frequency of punishment area. When I was younger I might have been punished once or twice for doing something, but my parents never kept up with punishing me for the things I did and of course I would continue to do it because I knew I would not be punished. It is weird to think that even when I was little I understood behavior modification without even truly knowing it.
9) How has reading these sections influenced what you originally thought about behavior modification? How so?
These sections have changed my thought of what behavior modification was because I never realized the difficulties of getting a behavior to be controlled or even changed. Also, the idea that even a child can understand behavior modification. Might not necessarily know how to change ones behavior, but can know what to do to get what they want through behavior. Behavioral and punishment are universal but are also understood relatively by all ages of people.
10) BOP: Now that you have been thinking about behavior modification for the past couple of weeks, we will start a mini behavioral observation project. We are going to start recording how many glasses of water we drink each day. You can just write these down on a piece of paper each day (starting today) and we will use your findings next week in one of these assignments. How much water to you think you drink each day?
I usually do not drink water out of a glass but out of my water bottle. I think that I will drink around 3-4 water bottles a day. However, this can be very challenging because I know I do not always fully finish my water bottle before I refill it again.
11) Once you are done with your post make list of the terms and terminology you used in your post and put them at the bottom of your post.
Terms: punishment, reinforcement, aversive, Maslow, Pavlov, Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs, verbal praising,

1) What did you find interesting in the section? Why?
I thought that Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs was the most interesting part in the section. Ordering things like physiological needs, aesthetics, safety, esteem, belongingness, and self actualization was something that I thought wouldn't be arranged in a pyramid. I thought this was really helpful because it made me think of it like the food pyramid and I understood it better.

2) What did you find least interesting? Why?
I thought the least interesting part in the chapter was the paragraphs on Pavlov's dog. It is an example I have had in many different psychology classes and it just seems to keep coming back to me.

3) How does the section relate to what you already knew/learned previously?
Note: This can be from previous chapters or from other classes, etc.
I have discussed the intrinsic and extrinsic value of things in microeconomics and financial accounting classes I have taken at UNI. In those classes we talked about how money has both extrinsic and intrinsic value to people. The money would only have extrinsic value if people used that as their currency or could work out trades.

4) Based on what you read from this section, what are two things that relate to your life? How so?
Two things that relate to my life from this chapter are generalized reinforcers and positive reinforcement. Generalized reinforcers are something I use often. I have a debit card which is a secondary reinforcer. It is handy but it is not as quick as cash when I have to sign a copy after every purchase. Positive reinforcement relates to my life a lot more than it did when the class started because I have been noticing when people use it on me.

After reading the second section, please respond to the following questions.

5) What did you find interesting in the section? Why?
The part I found most interesting in this section was on extreme negative reinforcement and how the US was trying to say water boarding was negative reinforcement. Seeing that the psychologists are being brought it to determine how it is interesting to me because of the cool job opportunities.

6) What did you find least interesting? Why?
I found this to be the most interesting chapter we have read so far I am very interested in the punishment part of behavior modification. The least interesting part to me would have to be the disruption of operant behavior. Reading that disruption would stop or slow a behavior is not that shocking to hear.

7) How does the section relate to what you already knew/learned previously?
Note: This can be from previous chapters or from other classes, etc.
In a developmental psychology class we talked a lot about punishment and how it should be handled in younger children. Both of the two agree that punishment is upsetting for both parties and developmental psych talked a lot about trying your hardest to avoid it.

8) Based on what you read from this section, what are two things that relate to your life? How so?
Two things that relate to my life are differences in punishment and the immediacy of punishment. Differences in punishment relates to me because being close to the age of 21 things will soon change. I will get less punishment for things like alcohol or no punishment at all. Immediacy relates because training a new dog means that I have to be strict and quick with punishment to set it the behavior I want and to not let him learn the punishment is from an unrelated behavior.

9) How has reading these sections influenced what you originally thought about behavior modification? How so?
The biggest thing to me was punishment. I hear a lot about how it should be handled in today's news especially with the presidential things going on. The section made me think about how psychology is related to so many different things going on in the world. More specifically, how I can find behavior modification in almost all of the news I hear. I didn't really think about it as much when we discussed it in class.

10) BOP: Now that you have been thinking about behavior modification for the past couple of weeks, we will start a mini behavioral observation project. We are going to start recording how many glasses of water we drink each day. You can just write these down on a piece of paper each day (starting today) and we will use your findings next week in one of these assignments. How much water to you think you drink each day?

11) Once you are done with your post make list of the terms and terminology you used in your post and put them at the bottom of your post

punishment, Maslow, Pavlov, Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs, immediacy of punishment, generalized reinforcers

Reading Activity Week 5
Please go to the following blog page:
http://www.psychologicalscience.com/bmod/abcs.html
Please read sections 2.2 (Reinforcement) and 2.3 (Punishment)
After reading the first section 2.2, please respond to the following questions.
1) What did you find interesting in the section? Why?
The most interesting area that I liked in this chapter was Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs. I have already written a paper on the topic, but I truly like the area and find it very interesting. I understand the needs and can see how people can go through those stages and build to achieve self-actualization, but I have noticed that sometimes those stages do not always work perfectly. I like though the basis behind the stages because those things in life are very important to any person and I find myself noticing when I follow the steps in my life that it makes things easier. I might not always move up but I have moved higher in the steps finding it easier than I had before.
2) What did you find least interesting? Why?
As always in these chapters I find that redundancy seems to be the least interesting part about readying these chapters. However, pointed out at the beginning of this chapter they mention the redundancy and how to learn something and to truly get it stuck in someone’s head is to review and review something until it is truly understood. I just wish there was a better way of doing it then re-reading the same material or material I know over and over again. I want to learn more than re reading the same things over and over again.
3) How does the section relate to what you already knew/learned previously?
Note: This can be from previous chapters or from other classes, etc.
This chapter actually had more things than other chapters that I knew about. The explanation of reinforcement along with the positive and negative reinforcement. I have known that since my Introduction of Psychology class in high school and in college. However, the chapters do add words such as target behavior, aversive, and etc. that I did not know prior to this class. Ivan Pavlov is a psychologist that I have heard in other classes but never went into too depth on. This chapter goes into more detail then was described by other classes. I also know about Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs where I wrote a paper on it in my personality class and my developmental class.
4) Based on what you read from this section, what are two things that relate to your life? How so?
The verbal praising that is mentioned in positive reinforcement is something that I think is over used. Especially for teachers and coaches. I know when I would coach swimming or even when I teach private swim lessons I would say “nice job” or “keep it up”. Giving them positive reinforcement which I noticed compared to the kids that I did not give positive feedback or none at all would not enjoy swimming as much. The second thing that I can relate to my life is the Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs especially the stage of belongingness and love needs. I am finally finding friends that are supportive of me. Along with having a supportive partner that loves and cares for me.
After reading the second section 2.3, please respond to the following questions.
5) What did you find interesting in the section? Why?
The most interesting area was the intensity of punishment. The interesting part was when they talk about the reasons of why cops have guns, tasers, sprays and clubs. They are wanting to be able to get the person with the negative behavior to stop so they are not harming others. I never thought about the reason of why cops have those things. I always thought that it was just for self-defense but now I can see why they have it for a second reason. Also, with knowing that just handcuffing a person could not stop the behavior makes me concerned that such drastic measures have to be made to get just a behavior under control. It is a very scary thing. It is amazing what behavior can do to an individual and how drastic things have to get sometimes to get someone to change the behavior.
6) What did you find least interesting? Why?
The thing that I found least interesting was the repetition of some areas of punishment that I have been engrained into my head since I have started taking psychology classes. I know much about punishment from our society and other psychology classes. There are areas of punishment that I might not know, but the legist of it is the same.
7) How does the section relate to what you already knew/learned previously?
Note: This can be from previous chapters or from other classes, etc.
This section relates to many things that I have learned in other classes about punishment. However, as other chapters have proved there are many things that I do not know because they go more into depth. The most related area was the area of cultural differences in punishment. I have seen and learned in my life the way that cultures look at things differently. From religion to punishment. The Chinese are strick with their children where as in the US we are more lenient. It makes sense to know that other areas view punishment in many ways just as religion, politics, and society as a whole.
8) Based on what you read from this section, what are two things that relate to your life? How so?
The immediacy of punishment I have related to my life when I would teach swim lessons. I would notice that if a child was not punished for doing something wrong right away that they would not take me seriously. If I could catch the negative behavior and punish the individual right away the behavior never continued again. Another that relates to my life when I was little was the frequency of punishment area. When I was younger I might have been punished once or twice for doing something, but my parents never kept up with punishing me for the things I did. I would continue to do it because I knew I would not be punished. It is weird to think that even when I was little I understood behavior modification without even truly knowing it.
9) How has reading these sections influenced what you originally thought about behavior modification? How so?
These sections have changed my thought of what behavior modification was because I never realized the difficulties of getting a behavior to be controlled or even changed. Also, the idea that even a child can understand behavior modification. Might not necessarily know how to change ones behavior, but can know what to do to get what they want through behavior. Behavioral and punishment are universal but are also understood relatively by all ages of people.
10) BOP: Now that you have been thinking about behavior modification for the past couple of weeks, we will start a mini behavioral observation project. We are going to start recording how many glasses of water we drink each day. You can just write these down on a piece of paper each day (starting today) and we will use your findings next week in one of these assignments. How much water to you think you drink each day?
I usually do not drink water out of a glass but out of my water bottle. I think that I will drink around 3-4 water bottles a day. However, this can be very challenging because I know I do not always fully finish my water bottle before I refill it again.
11) Once you are done with your post make list of the terms and terminology you used in your post and put them at the bottom of your post.
Terms: punishment, reinforcement, aversive, Maslow, Pavlov, Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs, verbal praising,

AAW
Reading Activity Week 5
Please go to the following blog page:
http://www.psychologicalscience.com/bmod/abcs.html
Please read sections 2.2 (Reinforcement) and 2.3 (Punishment)
After reading the first section 2.2, please respond to the following questions.
1) What did you find interesting in the section? Why?
The most interesting area that I liked in this chapter was Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs. I have already written a paper on the topic, but I truly like the area and find it very interesting. I understand the needs and can see how people can go through those stages and build to achieve self-actualization, but I have noticed that sometimes those stages do not always work perfectly. I like though the basis behind the stages because those things in life are very important to any person and I find myself noticing when I follow the steps in my life that it makes things easier. I might not always move up but I have moved higher in the steps finding it easier than I had before.
2) What did you find least interesting? Why?
As always in these chapters I find that redundancy seems to be the least interesting part about readying these chapters. However, pointed out at the beginning of this chapter they mention the redundancy and how to learn something and to truly get it stuck in someone’s head is to review and review something until it is truly understood. I just wish there was a better way of doing it then re-reading the same material or material I know over and over again. I want to learn more than re reading the same things over and over again.
3) How does the section relate to what you already knew/learned previously?
Note: This can be from previous chapters or from other classes, etc.
This chapter actually had more things than other chapters that I knew about. The explanation of reinforcement along with the positive and negative reinforcement. I have known that since my Introduction of Psychology class in high school and in college. However, the chapters do add words such as target behavior, aversive, and etc. that I did not know prior to this class. Ivan Pavlov is a psychologist that I have heard in other classes but never went into too depth on. This chapter goes into more detail then was described by other classes. I also know about Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs where I wrote a paper on it in my personality class and my developmental class.
4) Based on what you read from this section, what are two things that relate to your life? How so?
The verbal praising that is mentioned in positive reinforcement is something that I think is over used. Especially for teachers and coaches. I know when I would coach swimming or even when I teach private swim lessons I would say “nice job” or “keep it up”. Giving them positive reinforcement which I noticed compared to the kids that I did not give positive feedback or none at all would not enjoy swimming as much. The second thing that I can relate to my life is the Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs especially the stage of belongingness and love needs. I am finally finding friends that are supportive of me. Along with having a supportive partner that loves and cares for me.
After reading the second section 2.3, please respond to the following questions.
5) What did you find interesting in the section? Why?
The most interesting area was the intensity of punishment. The interesting part was when they talk about the reasons of why cops have guns, tasers, sprays and clubs. They are wanting to be able to get the person with the negative behavior to stop so they are not harming others. I never thought about the reason of why cops have those things. I always thought that it was just for self-defense but now I can see why they have it for a second reason. Also, with knowing that just handcuffing a person could not stop the behavior makes me concerned that such drastic measures have to be made to get just a behavior under control. It is a very scary thing. It is amazing what behavior can do to an individual and how drastic things have to get sometimes to get someone to change the behavior.
6) What did you find least interesting? Why?
The thing that I found least interesting was the repetition of some areas of punishment that I have been engrained into my head since I have started taking psychology classes. I know much about punishment from our society and other psychology classes. There are areas of punishment that I might not know, but the legist of it is the same.
7) How does the section relate to what you already knew/learned previously?
Note: This can be from previous chapters or from other classes, etc.
This section relates to many things that I have learned in other classes about punishment. However, as other chapters have proved there are many things that I do not know because they go more into depth. The most related area was the area of cultural differences in punishment. I have seen and learned in my life the way that cultures look at things differently. From religion to punishment. The Chinese are strick with their children where as in the US we are more lenient. It makes sense to know that other areas view punishment in many ways just as religion, politics, and society as a whole.
8) Based on what you read from this section, what are two things that relate to your life? How so?
The immediacy of punishment I have related to my life when I would teach swim lessons. I would notice that if a child was not punished for doing something wrong right away that they would not take me seriously. If I could catch the negative behavior and punish the individual right away the behavior never continued again. Another that relates to my life when I was little was the frequency of punishment area. When I was younger I might have been punished once or twice for doing something, but my parents never kept up with punishing me for the things I did. I would continue to do it because I knew I would not be punished. It is weird to think that even when I was little I understood behavior modification without even truly knowing it.
9) How has reading these sections influenced what you originally thought about behavior modification? How so?
These sections have changed my thought of what behavior modification was because I never realized the difficulties of getting a behavior to be controlled or even changed. Also, the idea that even a child can understand behavior modification. Might not necessarily know how to change ones behavior, but can know what to do to get what they want through behavior. Behavioral and punishment are universal but are also understood relatively by all ages of people.
10) BOP: Now that you have been thinking about behavior modification for the past couple of weeks, we will start a mini behavioral observation project. We are going to start recording how many glasses of water we drink each day. You can just write these down on a piece of paper each day (starting today) and we will use your findings next week in one of these assignments. How much water to you think you drink each day?
I usually do not drink water out of a glass but out of my water bottle. I think that I will drink around 3-4 water bottles a day. However, this can be very challenging because I know I do not always fully finish my water bottle before I refill it again.
11) Once you are done with your post make list of the terms and terminology you used in your post and put them at the bottom of your post.
Terms: punishment, reinforcement, aversive, Maslow, Pavlov, Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs, verbal praising,

1) What did you find interesting in the section? Why?
After reading this section I was amazed when I thought about all the things in the world around us that reinforce some people and not others. It completely depends on the intrinsic and extrinsic values that we place on things. It was also very interesting to me to learn how easily we can associate two unrelated things.
2) What did you find least interesting? Why?
The least interesting part to me was reading about unconditioned stimulus/response and conditioned stimulus/response, only because I have previously discussed these in other class and they seem self-explanatory to me.
3) How does the section relate to what you already knew/learned previously?
Note: This can be from previous chapters or from other classes, etc.
This whole section was a review for me based on my previous courses and what we have discussed so far this year, like the different kind of stimuli and responses as well as the types of reinforcers.
4) Based on what you read from this section, what are two things that relate to your life? How so?
The two things that relate to my life from this chapter both have to do with my dog. He has a shock collar and that is what we used to train him. Negative reinforcement was used with him because if he left his yard he would be shocked until he returned, the aversive stimuli (the shock) was taken away only once he was back in his yard, this lead to him not leaving his yard anymore. He developed the conditioned response of hearing the words “pup chow” which meant he was going to be getting food, sometimes you would barely get the phrase out and he would be running towards his food bowl.
5) What did you find interesting in the section? Why?
It was interesting to me to think and realize all of the different types of punishment in the world around us. Especially when we look at what the U.S thinks is okay versus other countries.
6) What did you find least interesting? Why?
Reading the definitions of positive and negative punishment were the least interesting part to me only because I already knew these terms.
7) How does the section relate to what you already knew/learned previously?
Note: This can be from previous chapters or from other classes, etc.
This section just added on to the terms I knew and gave me a better understanding of what we have learned so far because it reviewed some aspects and also gave new examples which was helpful.
8) Based on what you read from this section, what are two things that relate to your life? How so?
Negative punishment relates to me because at the daycare I work at, if a kid is being mean to another as a punishment they are told to go sit on the wall for a set amount of time. This is an example of negative punishment because we are taking away from their play time with friends. Also positive punishment relates to working at a daycare as well because raising your voice at some kids is very aversive to them and will scare them, hopefully enough to stop a behavior from occurring again
9) How has reading these sections influenced what you originally thought about behavior modification? How so?
I realized just how prevalent behavior modification is outside of the professional fields. The example of using torture in order for a person to emit a desired behavior shows behavior modification techniques, something I had never associated before. That shows just how variable the techniques are and that they can be used in almost any situation.
10) BOP: I think that I drink about 6 glasses of water a day
11) Terms: reinforce, intrinsic, extrinsic, unconditioned stimulus, unconditioned response, conditioned stimulus, conditioned response, negative reinforcement, conditioned response, positive punishment, negative punishment, aversive, emit

1) What did you find interesting in the section? Why?
It was interesting to learn the differences about negative and positive, because usually those mean good and bad. So normally you would automatically assume that negative only goes with punishment and that positive only goes with reinforcement, but that isn’t the case.
2) What did you find least interesting? Why?
It is boring to read about conditioned and unconditioned stimuli, because I have been reading about that for years now as psychology major.
3) How does the section relate to what you already knew/learned previously? 
Note: This can be from previous chapters or from other classes, etc.
This section built on our knowledge of reinforcement. It went into further detail into how there are multiple types of reinforcement. There is positive and negative reinforcement. Positive means you are adding something to the environment. So positive reinforcement means adding something desirable. Negative means taking something out of the environment. So negative reinforcement means removing an aversive stimulus.
4) Based on what you read from this section, what are two things that relate to your life? How so?
We can learn how to use positive reinforcement (adding a desirable stimulus to the environment) to increase the likelihood of continuing to emit a target behavior. This will help us in changing our own behavior to display more desirable behaviors.
We can also learn how to do the opposite and use negative reinforcement (removing and aversive stimulus from the environment). This will also help us in modifying our own behavior.
After reading the second section, please respond to the following questions.
5) What did you find interesting in the section? Why?
I liked reading about the ethics of behavior modification, because borderline unethical things are my favorite things to talk about in psychology.
6) What did you find least interesting? Why?
It was kind of boring to read about negative/positive punishment because it was like reading about negative/positive reinforcement.
7) How does the section relate to what you already knew/learned previously? 
Note: This can be from previous chapters or from other classes, etc.
This section built on our knowledge of punishment. It went into further detail into how there are multiple types of punishment. There is positive and negative punishment. Positive means you are adding something to the environment. So positive punishment means adding something aversive. Negative means taking something out of the environment. So negative punishment means removing a desirable stimulus.
8) Based on what you read from this section, what are two things that relate to your life? How so?
We can learn how to use positive punishment (adding an aversive stimulus to the environment) to decrease the likelihood of continuing to emit a target behavior. This will help us in changing our own behavior to stop displaying aversive behaviors.
We can also learn how to do the opposite and use negative punishment (removing a desirable stimulus from the environment). This will also help us in modifying our own behavior.
9) How has reading these sections influenced what you originally thought about behavior modification? How so?
It has shown me that a surface level understand of punishment and reinforcement is not enough to modify behavior, it goes much deeper than that.
They are expanding my knowledge by giving me a deeper understanding for the application of basic behavior modification terms and methods.
10) BOP: Now that you have been thinking about behavior modification for the past couple of weeks, we will start a mini behavioral observation project. We are going to start recording how many glasses of water we drink each day. You can just write these down on a piece of paper each day (starting today) and we will use your findings next week in one of these assignments. How much water to you think you drink each day?
I normally don’t drink that much water each day. On school days I will barely drink a glass. On work days I drink a little bit more, maybe two water bottles full.
11) Once you are done with your post make list of the terms and terminology you used in your post and put them at the bottom of your post.
Positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, desirable, aversive, stimulus, environment, target behavior, modify, behavior, negative, positive, reinforcement, punishment, conditioned, unconditioned, removing (removal)

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